James Barry (surgeon)

James Barry (born Margaret Ann Bulkley, c. 1789 – 25 July 1865) was a military surgeon in the British Army, known for improving the conditions of wounded soldiers and the inhabitants of the colonies where he served. Barry's life is notable not only for his medical contributions but also for his personal history. After his death, it was discovered that he had been assigned female at birth, making him one of the earliest transgender people in recorded history to have a documented career in medicine.

Early Life

Little is known about Barry's early life. He was born in Cork, Ireland, and was named Margaret Ann Bulkley. It is believed that he adopted a male identity to be accepted at the University of Edinburgh, where he studied medicine. Barry graduated with a medical degree in 1812, a time when women were not allowed to practice medicine.

Military Career

After graduating, Barry joined the British Army as a surgeon. He served in various locations, including South Africa, where he performed one of the first successful Caesarean sections in which both the mother and child survived. Barry's work significantly improved the sanitary conditions and medical care in the colonies, earning him a reputation as a diligent and compassionate surgeon.

Legacy and Identity

Barry's gender identity was a closely guarded secret throughout his life. It was only after his death in 1865 that the women preparing his body for burial discovered he had the physical characteristics typically associated with females. This revelation sparked much debate and speculation about his identity and reasons for living as a man.

Despite the focus on Barry's gender, his contributions to medicine and military health care are undeniable. He advocated for better hygiene, proper diet, and the humane treatment of patients, which were revolutionary concepts in his time.

Death and Recognition

Barry died of dysentery on 25 July 1865 in London. Initially buried in Kensal Green Cemetery, his legacy has grown over the years, with increased recognition of his contributions to medicine and surgery, as well as his role as a pioneering figure for transgender and non-binary individuals.