Jonathan Hutchinson

Hypertension
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Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Headache, dizziness, shortness of breath
Complications	Heart disease, stroke, kidney failure
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Long term
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetics, diet, lifestyle
Risks	Obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption
Diagnosis	Blood pressure measurement
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Lifestyle changes, medication
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated. It is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including heart attack and stroke.

Signs and Symptoms

Hypertension is often called the "silent killer" because it typically has no symptoms until it has caused significant damage to the heart and arteries. Some people with high blood pressure may experience headaches, dizziness, or shortness of breath.

Causes

The exact cause of hypertension is often unknown, but several factors can contribute to its development, including:

• Genetics
• Unhealthy diet, particularly high salt intake
• Lack of physical activity
• Obesity
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Smoking

Diagnosis

Hypertension is diagnosed by measuring blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer. A reading of 140/90 mmHg or higher is generally considered high.

Treatment

Treatment for hypertension typically involves lifestyle changes and medication. Lifestyle changes may include:

• Eating a healthy diet
• Reducing salt intake
• Engaging in regular physical activity
• Maintaining a healthy weight
• Limiting alcohol consumption
• Quitting smoking

Medications used to treat hypertension include diuretics, beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers.

Complications

If left untreated, hypertension can lead to serious health problems, including:

• Heart disease
• Stroke
• Kidney failure
• Vision loss

Prevention

Preventing hypertension involves adopting a healthy lifestyle, such as eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding tobacco and excessive alcohol use.

See Also

• Cardiovascular disease
• Blood pressure
• Heart attack

External Links

• World Health Organization: Hypertension
• CDC: High Blood Pressure

Jonathan Hutchinson (1828–1913) was an eminent English surgeon and pathologist who made significant contributions to medicine in the fields of dermatology, venereology, and ophthalmology. He is best known for his research and discoveries in syphilis and leprosy, as well as for describing the condition now known as Hutchinson's triad, which is associated with congenital syphilis.

Early Life and Education

Jonathan Hutchinson was born on July 23, 1828, in Selby, Yorkshire. He began his medical education at the age of 14, apprenticing with a local apothecary. Hutchinson later moved to London to continue his studies, enrolling at St Bartholomew's Hospital. He qualified as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1850 and as a licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries.

Career

Throughout his career, Hutchinson held various prestigious positions. He was a surgeon at the London Hospital and later at the Moorfields Eye Hospital, where he specialized in ophthalmology. Hutchinson also served as a surgeon at the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, and the Syphilis Hospital at Lock. His contributions to medical education were significant, and he was involved in teaching at the London Hospital Medical College and the postgraduate medical school at the Royal London Ophthalmic Hospital. Hutchinson was a prolific writer, contributing over 1,200 articles to medical literature. He founded the Archives of Surgery in 1890, serving as its editor. His work covered a wide range of topics, including syphilis, leprosy, congenital deformities, and diseases of the skin, eyes, and nervous system.

Contributions to Medicine

One of Hutchinson's most notable contributions to medicine was his description of the signs of congenital syphilis, known as Hutchinson's triad. This triad includes interstitial keratitis, dental abnormalities (Hutchinson's teeth), and deafness. He was also the first to describe a form of leprosy occurring in Europe, which led to a better understanding of the disease's transmission and manifestations. In dermatology, Hutchinson made significant contributions to the understanding of hereditary syphilis and the treatment of various skin diseases. His work in ophthalmology included studies on the effects of syphilis on the eye and the development of new surgical techniques.

Legacy

Jonathan Hutchinson's legacy in medicine is marked by his contributions to the understanding and treatment of several diseases. He was recognized for his work with numerous awards and honors, including the Royal Medal of the Royal Society in 1882 and the presidency of the Royal College of Surgeons of England from 1889 to 1890. Hutchinson was also a founding member of the Pathological Society of London and the Dermatological Society of London. His dedication to medical education and research left a lasting impact on the fields of dermatology, venereology, and ophthalmology.

Death

Jonathan Hutchinson died on June 23, 1913, in Haslemere, Surrey. His work continues to be celebrated and studied by medical professionals and historians alike.