Kadazan-Dusun

Percentage population of Kadazan Dusun in Sabah, 2020

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Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplogroup M

Phylogenetic tree of mtDNA haplogroup M1

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Kadazan-Dusun is the collective name for the ethnic groups of Kadazan and Dusun in Sabah, Malaysia, which are part of the larger Dayak peoples. They form the largest indigenous group in Sabah and are predominantly found in the west coast and interior regions of the state. The Kadazan-Dusun community is known for their rich cultural heritage, traditional beliefs, and agricultural practices, particularly in the cultivation of rice.

History

The history of the Kadazan-Dusun people is deeply rooted in the land of what is now known as Sabah. Their origins are subject to various oral histories and legends, with many suggesting a migratory pattern from the surrounding regions of Borneo. Over centuries, these communities have developed distinct languages, customs, and traditions, which have been passed down through generations.

Language

The Kadazan-Dusun languages belong to the Austronesian language family, which is widespread across the island of Borneo and other parts of Southeast Asia. There are several dialects within the Kadazan-Dusun language, reflecting the diverse sub-groups within the community. Efforts have been made to standardize the language, particularly for educational and cultural preservation purposes.

Culture

The culture of the Kadazan-Dusun is a reflection of their close relationship with nature and agriculture. The most significant cultural event is the Kaamatan festival, or the Harvest Festival, celebrated annually in May. This festival is marked by various traditional rituals, dances, and the selection of the Harvest Queen, known as Unduk Ngadau. The event is a thanksgiving ceremony to the rice spirit, Bambaazon, and is a crucial aspect of Kadazan-Dusun identity.

Traditional music and dance play an essential role in Kadazan-Dusun culture, with instruments such as the gong, sompoton (a type of bamboo zither), and the kulintangan (a set of small, horizontally-laid gongs) being central to their musical expressions. Dances such as the Sumazau are performed during major festivals and celebrations.

Religion

The Kadazan-Dusun people traditionally practiced animism, believing in the presence of spirits in various elements of the natural world. However, with the arrival of Christian missionaries in the 19th century, many Kadazan-Dusuns converted to Christianity. Today, the community practices a blend of their traditional beliefs and Christianity, which is evident in their rituals and ceremonies.

Economy

Agriculture is the backbone of the Kadazan-Dusun economy, with rice being the primary crop. The traditional method of rice cultivation is through slash and burn agriculture, although this has been largely replaced by more sustainable practices due to modernization and environmental concerns. Besides rice, the Kadazan-Dusun also engage in the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and the rearing of livestock.

Challenges

The Kadazan-Dusun community faces several challenges, including issues related to land rights, cultural preservation, and the impacts of modernization. Urbanization and the migration of younger generations to cities for better employment opportunities have led to concerns about the continuity of traditional practices and languages.

Conclusion

The Kadazan-Dusun people are an integral part of Malaysia's cultural mosaic, contributing significantly to the country's cultural diversity and heritage. Efforts to preserve their language, traditions, and way of life are crucial for maintaining the identity and continuity of this indigenous community.