Kaifeng

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Kaifeng in Northern Song

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Outer city of Bianjing

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Kaifeng (Chinese: 开封) is a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, China. With a rich history dating back more than 2,700 years, Kaifeng is one of the Seven Ancient Capitals of China. Throughout its history, it has been known by various names, but the name Kaifeng was established during the Northern Song Dynasty when it served as the dynasty's capital.

History

Kaifeng's history is a microcosm of Chinese history, reflecting periods of glory and decline. It was the capital of China during several dynasties, including the Later Liang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Zhou during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and most notably, the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Song dynasty, Kaifeng was a center of culture, trade, and political power, and its population reached over a million, making it one of the largest cities in the world at the time.

The city was known for its impressive architecture, including the Iron Pagoda, constructed in 1049, which still stands today. However, the city's prosperity made it a target for invasions. It was conquered by the Jurchens in the 12th century and later by the Mongol Empire, leading to periods of decline.

Geography

Kaifeng is located in the eastern part of Henan province, on the southern bank of the Yellow River. It is part of the North China Plain, with a flat terrain that is prone to flooding. The city has faced several devastating floods throughout its history, the most notable being the 1642 flood caused by the breaching of the Yellow River's dikes, an event that significantly altered the city's landscape and its course of development.

Culture

Kaifeng is renowned for its unique cultural heritage, particularly its Jewish community, which is believed to have been established by Jewish merchants who traveled along the Silk Road. The Kaifeng Jews have assimilated into Chinese society, but remnants of their culture and religion still exist. The city also celebrates traditional Chinese festivals with great enthusiasm, including the Ching Ming Festival, during which locals pay respects to their ancestors.

Economy

The economy of Kaifeng is diverse, with significant contributions from agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. The city is known for its Henan cuisine, which is a key part of its cultural identity and attracts food enthusiasts from around the world. Kaifeng's historical sites, including the ancient city wall, the Iron Pagoda, and the Dragon Pavilion, are major tourist attractions that contribute to the local economy.

Education

Kaifeng is home to several institutions of higher education, including Henan University, which is one of the oldest and most prestigious universities in China. The city's educational institutions play a crucial role in preserving its rich cultural heritage and promoting research and innovation.

Transportation

The city is well-connected by road and rail, making it accessible from major cities in China. The Kaifeng Railway Station is an important hub that facilitates the movement of goods and people, supporting the city's economy and tourism industry.

See also

• History of China
• Culture of China
• Economy of China
• Education in China