Karaite Judaism

Karaite synagogues in Jerusalem061

Trakai Kenesa

0202-Kenesa Yevpatoriya

Циркуляр Столыпина о караимах

Moussa al-Dar‘i (Karaite) synagogue in Cairo

Karaite Judaism is a Jewish movement characterized by the recognition of the Tanakh alone as its supreme legal authority in Halakha (Jewish law) and theology. It is distinct from Rabbinic Judaism, which considers the Oral Torah (as compiled in the Talmud) alongside the Tanakh in guiding its religious practices. The followers of Karaite Judaism are known as Karaites, and they adhere strictly to the text of the Hebrew Bible, interpreting it based on its plain meaning while rejecting later rabbinical interpretations and traditions.

Origins and History

Karaite Judaism emerged in the early Middle Ages, with its origins often traced back to the 8th and 9th centuries in the Islamic Caliphate. It is believed to have developed as a reaction against the rabbinical authorities of the time, advocating a return to the original scriptural sources. The movement gained significant followers in regions such as Egypt, Iraq, and later, in the Byzantine Empire and Eastern Europe. Over the centuries, Karaites have faced persecution and were often forced into defending their beliefs against the dominant Rabbinic establishment.

Beliefs and Practices

Karaites rely solely on the Hebrew Bible for their religious laws and do not accept the authority of the Oral Torah, which Rabbinic Judaism holds as divinely inspired. This fundamental difference leads to distinct religious practices and interpretations of Jewish law. For example, Karaites observe the Sabbath and Jewish holidays based strictly on the biblical commandments, often resulting in differences in the calendar and observance from Rabbinic Judaism.

One of the notable practices among Karaites is their method of determining the beginning of months based on the actual sighting of the new moon, as opposed to the fixed, calculated calendar used by Rabbinic Jews. Additionally, Karaite interpretations of dietary laws, marriage, and religious purity also diverge significantly from those of Rabbinic Judaism, reflecting their principle of adhering to the plain meaning of the biblical text.

Community and Identity

Today, the Karaite Jewish community is small, with populations primarily in Israel, the United States, and a few other countries. Despite their small numbers, Karaites have worked to preserve their unique identity and practices. In Israel, Karaites are recognized as a distinct Jewish group, and they maintain their own places of worship, known as Kenesas, and religious institutions.

Contemporary Challenges

Karaite Judaism faces several challenges in the modern world, including assimilation, the small size of the community, and the need for religious education that adheres to Karaite principles. Despite these challenges, the movement has experienced a resurgence of interest in recent years, with efforts to revive Karaite traditions and educate both Jews and non-Jews about Karaite beliefs and practices.

Conclusion

Karaite Judaism represents a unique and historical strand of Jewish thought and practice, emphasizing a strict adherence to the Hebrew Bible as the sole source of religious authority. While it differs significantly from Rabbinic Judaism in theology and practice, it contributes to the rich tapestry of Jewish religious life and identity.