Kathakali

Kathakali of Kerala at Nishagandhi dance festival 2024 (197)

Kathakali BNC

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Hanuman by FACT Jayadeva Varma

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Kathakali vesham by FACT Jayadeva Varma

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Kalamandalam k g vasudevan nair

Kathakali is a major form of classical dance that originated in the Indian state of Kerala during the 17th century. The word "Kathakali" literally translates to "Story-Play" and is known for its elaborate costumes, intricate makeup, detailed gestures, and well-defined body movements presented in tune with the playback music and complementary percussion. It is a harmonious blend of dance, drama, music, and ritual that portrays stories primarily from the Hindu epics like the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and the ancient scriptures known as the Puranas. This dance form is distinguished by its vividly colorful makeup, elaborate costumes, and face masks that the performers wear.

History

Kathakali's roots are often traced back to ancient forms of temple and folk arts such as Krishnanattam, Koodiyattam, and religious dramas of Kerala. Over the years, it evolved into a distinct genre of performing art that integrates aspects of these older traditions with its unique set of rules and conventions. The development of Kathakali was significantly influenced by the Raja of Kottarakkara, who is credited with structuring the modern form of Kathakali dance drama, making it more accessible to common people while retaining its spiritual and religious significance.

Performance

A Kathakali performance is a dynamic synthesis of expressive dance movements, vivid facial expressions, and hand gestures called mudras that convey the narrative. Performers undergo rigorous training to master the art of expressing complex emotions and stories through body movements and facial expressions. The makeup and costumes are elaborate and symbolic, representing characters such as gods, kings, demons, and animals found in the stories.

Music and Instruments

The music of Kathakali has a distinctive place in the performance, with singers narrating the story backed by traditional instruments. The primary instruments include the Chenda (a drum), Maddalam (a type of drum), Edakka (an hourglass-shaped drum), and the Chengila (a gong). The music follows the Sopanam style, which is traditional to Kerala.

Makeup and Costumes

Kathakali's makeup and costumes are intricate and require several hours to apply. They are crucial for transforming the performer into the character. The makeup is made from natural substances; for example, rice paste and vegetable colors are used to create the white of the eyes. The colors used in the makeup are symbolic, with green representing nobility and divinity, red representing evil, and black representing the forest and its beings, among others.

Training

Training in Kathakali is rigorous and can begin at a young age. Traditionally, students would undergo a residential training program (Kalari) that could last for several years, where they would learn not only the dance but also martial arts (Kalaripayattu), which contributes to their physical fitness and agility required for the performances.

Themes and Repertoire

The repertoire of Kathakali includes several hundred stories, most of which are taken from the Hindu epics and the Puranas. The performances are usually held overnight and can last up to several hours, providing an immersive experience for the audience.

Modern Adaptations and Global Reach

In recent years, Kathakali has transcended its regional boundaries to gain international recognition. Adaptations of the art form have included stories from other cultures and religions, showcasing its versatility and universal appeal. Kathakali has been featured in global arts festivals, and workshops are conducted worldwide for those interested in learning this unique art form.

Conclusion

Kathakali represents a pinnacle of Indian cultural tradition, embodying the essence of dance, drama, music, and storytelling. Its global recognition underscores the universal appeal of its themes of morality, justice, and the triumph of good over evil.