Keratinocyte transglutaminase

Keratinocyte transglutaminase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the formation of the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin. This enzyme, also known as transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1), is involved in the cross-linking of proteins, which is essential for the development of the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis that acts as a barrier to protect the body from external environmental factors.

Function

Keratinocyte transglutaminase catalyzes the formation of ε-(γ-glutamyl)lysine cross-links between proteins, contributing to the formation of a resilient and water-resistant barrier. This process is vital for the proper functioning of the skin's protective barrier, preventing water loss and protecting against the entry of pathogens and harmful substances. The enzyme targets specific proteins in the upper layers of the epidermis, such as involucrin, loricrin, and small proline-rich proteins, which are critical components of the cornified cell envelope (CE).

Genetic and Molecular Basis

The gene encoding keratinocyte transglutaminase is located on human chromosome 14q11.2. Mutations in this gene can lead to impaired skin barrier function and are associated with several skin disorders, including lamellar ichthyosis, a condition characterized by abnormal scaling and shedding of the skin. The study of keratinocyte transglutaminase at the molecular level has provided insights into the pathogenesis of these conditions and has opened avenues for potential therapeutic interventions.

Clinical Significance

Abnormalities in the function or expression of keratinocyte transglutaminase can lead to skin diseases characterized by disrupted skin barrier function. The enzyme's role in skin homeostasis and barrier formation makes it a potential target for therapeutic interventions in various skin conditions. Research into keratinocyte transglutaminase has implications for understanding and treating skin diseases, as well as for the development of skin care products aimed at enhancing skin barrier function.

Research and Therapeutic Approaches

Ongoing research is focused on understanding the precise mechanisms by which keratinocyte transglutaminase contributes to skin barrier formation and how mutations in the gene affect skin health. This research has potential implications for the development of new treatments for skin conditions associated with impaired barrier function. Therapeutic approaches may include gene therapy to correct mutations in the gene encoding keratinocyte transglutaminase or the development of topical treatments that enhance or mimic the enzyme's activity.