Kingdom of Portugal

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The Kingdom of Portugal (Portuguese: Reino de Portugal) was a sovereign state located on the Iberian Peninsula, which existed from 1139 until 1910. It was established by Afonso I after the Battle of Ourique and was recognized as independent from the Kingdom of León by the Treaty of Zamora in 1143. The kingdom played a significant role in the Age of Discovery, establishing a vast Portuguese Empire that spanned several continents.

History[edit | edit source]

Foundation and Early Years[edit | edit source]

The Kingdom of Portugal was founded in 1139 when Afonso I declared himself king after the Battle of Ourique. The independence of Portugal was recognized by the Kingdom of León in 1143 through the Treaty of Zamora. The kingdom's early years were marked by efforts to consolidate territory and power, including the Reconquista against the Moors.

Age of Discovery[edit | edit source]

During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal became a leading maritime power. Under the leadership of figures such as Henry the Navigator, Portuguese explorers discovered new lands and sea routes, establishing colonies in Africa, Asia, and South America. This period saw the rise of the Portuguese Empire, with notable achievements including the discovery of the sea route to India by Vasco da Gama and the colonization of Brazil.

Iberian Union[edit | edit source]

In 1580, following a dynastic crisis, Portugal entered a period known as the Iberian Union, during which it was ruled by the Spanish Habsburgs. This union lasted until 1640, when the Portuguese Restoration War led to the re-establishment of an independent Portuguese monarchy under the House of Braganza.

Decline and Fall[edit | edit source]

The 19th century was a period of turmoil for Portugal, marked by the Liberal Wars and the struggle between absolutists and liberals. The kingdom faced economic difficulties and political instability, which culminated in the revolution of 1910. On October 5, 1910, the monarchy was abolished, and the First Portuguese Republic was proclaimed.

Government and Society[edit | edit source]

The Kingdom of Portugal was initially an absolute monarchy, with the king holding significant power. Over time, it evolved into a constitutional monarchy, particularly after the Liberal Wars. The society was heavily influenced by the Roman Catholic Church, which played a central role in education, culture, and politics.

Economy[edit | edit source]

The economy of the Kingdom of Portugal was initially based on agriculture, fishing, and trade. The Age of Discovery brought immense wealth through the spice trade, gold, and other resources from the colonies. However, the economic benefits were unevenly distributed, leading to social and economic challenges.

Culture[edit | edit source]

Portuguese culture during the kingdom's existence was rich and diverse, influenced by its maritime explorations and colonial encounters. Literature, music, and art flourished, with notable contributions from figures such as Luís de Camões, whose epic poem Os Lusíadas celebrated Portuguese explorations.