Knossos

Crete integrated map-en

Neolithic pottery, AMH, 079001

Bronze Ax Messara Crete

Knossos Map-T Just the map

Wall painting of grandstand or sacred grove and shrine from Knossos (north end of central court) - London BM - 02

Armon Knossos P1060104

Knossos (Greek: Κνωσός, Knōsós), also known as Labyrinth, is an ancient city located on the island of Crete. It is best known for the archaeological site connected to the Minoan civilization, which is considered one of the earliest recorded civilizations in Europe. The site of Knossos is situated near the modern city of Heraklion and has been a key tourist attraction and a focal point for archaeological and historical research.

History

The history of Knossos spans several millennia, with its origins tracing back to the Neolithic period, around 7000 BC. However, it was during the Minoan period, particularly from 2700 to 1450 BC, that Knossos reached its zenith. The city was a major center of commerce and political power, with its influence extending across the Aegean Sea.

The palace complex at Knossos, often referred to as the Palace of Minos, is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete. It is associated with several legends, including the myth of the Labyrinth and the Minotaur, and is thought to have served as the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan civilization. The palace was destroyed and rebuilt multiple times, with the final destruction occurring around 1350 BC, possibly due to a natural disaster such as an earthquake or a volcanic eruption from the nearby island of Thera.

Archaeology

The site of Knossos was rediscovered in 1878 by Minos Kalokairinos, a Cretan merchant and antiquarian. Systematic excavations began in 1900 under the direction of British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans, who was responsible for much of the restoration work that can be seen today. Evans coined the term "Minoan" after the legendary King Minos and introduced a chronological system for the Minoan civilization based on the stratigraphy of the site.

The excavations at Knossos have uncovered a complex of buildings, including the grand palace, which featured advanced architectural techniques such as multi-story buildings, the use of columns, and an elaborate drainage system. The site also revealed a wealth of artifacts, including frescoes, pottery, and tablets inscribed in the Linear A and Linear B scripts, the latter of which was deciphered in the 1950s as an early form of Greek.

Culture and Society

The Minoan society was highly sophisticated, with a complex social hierarchy and advanced technological skills. The economy was based on agriculture, trade, and craftsmanship, with significant maritime trade networks established across the Mediterranean. The culture was notable for its art, which included pottery, sculpture, and frescoes depicting religious rituals, nature, and everyday life.

Mythology

Knossos is intrinsically linked to Greek mythology, particularly the myths of the Labyrinth and the Minotaur. According to legend, the Labyrinth was an elaborate maze built by King Minos to contain the Minotaur, a creature that was half man and half bull. These myths have been interpreted by some scholars as having roots in the complex layout of the Knossos palace and the bull-leaping frescoes found within.

Modern Knossos

Today, Knossos remains an important archaeological site and a major tourist attraction. Efforts to preserve the site are ongoing, with debates about the extent and methods of restoration. The site provides invaluable insights into the Minoan civilization and its contributions to European history.