Labeling theory

Labeling Theory Diagram

Labeling theory is a concept in sociology and criminology that explores how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be influenced or determined by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with the work of Howard Becker, who is often credited with the development of the theory in his book Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.

Overview

Labeling theory posits that deviance is not inherent to an act, but rather the result of the social response to the act. When a person is labeled as deviant, they may internalize this label and act accordingly. This theory is a part of the broader symbolic interactionism framework, which emphasizes the role of social interactions in the development of self-concept.

Key Concepts

• Primary Deviance: This refers to initial acts of rule-breaking. These acts may be minor and not result in the individual being labeled as deviant.
• Secondary Deviance: This occurs when a person begins to take on a deviant identity due to the reactions of others to their primary deviance.
• Stigma: A powerful negative social label that changes a person's self-concept and social identity.
• Master Status: A status that has exceptional importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life.

Historical Background

Labeling theory emerged in the 1960s during a period of social upheaval and change. It was influenced by earlier work in symbolic interactionism by scholars such as George Herbert Mead and Erving Goffman. Howard Becker's work in the 1960s provided a comprehensive framework for understanding how societal reactions to deviance can lead to further deviant behavior.

Applications

Labeling theory has been applied to various areas, including:

• Criminal justice: Understanding how the criminal justice system labels individuals and the impact of these labels on future behavior.
• Mental health: Examining how diagnoses and labels affect individuals' self-concept and behavior.
• Education: Investigating how labeling students as "gifted" or "troubled" influences their academic performance and self-esteem.

Criticisms

Labeling theory has faced several criticisms, including:

• It may overemphasize the role of societal reaction in the development of deviance.
• It does not adequately address the initial causes of deviant behavior.
• It may not account for individuals who resist or reject labels.

See Also

• Deviance (sociology)
• Social control
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Social constructionism
• Moral panic

Further Reading

• Becker, Howard. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance.
• Goffman, Erving. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity.