Latrotoxin

Latrotoxin is a family of potent neurotoxic proteins, which are primarily found in the venom of spiders from the genus Latrodectus, commonly known as widow spiders. The most well-known of these toxins is α-latrotoxin, which is responsible for the symptoms of latrodectism, a medical condition caused by the bite of widow spiders.

Structure and Function

Latrotoxins are large proteins composed of approximately 1300 amino acids. They are characterized by a unique structure, which includes a large N-terminal domain and a smaller C-terminal domain. The N-terminal domain is responsible for the toxin's ability to bind to specific receptors on the surface of nerve cells, while the C-terminal domain is involved in the formation of pores in the cell membrane.

Upon binding to its receptor, latrotoxin induces a massive release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells, leading to overstimulation of the nervous system. This is the primary mechanism by which latrotoxin causes the symptoms of latrodectism.

Types of Latrotoxins

There are several types of latrotoxins, each with its own specific target:

• α-Latrotoxin: This is the most well-known and most potent of the latrotoxins. It primarily affects vertebrates, including humans, by binding to neurexin and latrophilin receptors on nerve cells.
• β-Latrotoxin: This toxin primarily affects insects. It is less well-studied than α-latrotoxin, but is believed to function in a similar manner.
• δ-Latrotoxin: This toxin also primarily affects insects. It is less potent than α- and β-latrotoxins, but is still capable of causing significant harm.

Clinical Significance

The primary clinical significance of latrotoxins is their role in latrodectism, a condition caused by the bite of widow spiders. Symptoms of latrodectism can include severe pain, muscle rigidity, vomiting, and sweating. In severe cases, it can lead to respiratory failure and death.

Treatment for latrodectism primarily involves supportive care, including pain management and treatment of other symptoms. In some cases, antivenom may be administered.

See Also

• Latrodectus
• Latrodectism
• Neurotoxin
• Venom

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