Legio X Fretensis

Roman Empire 125

Legio X Fretensis was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded by Octavian (later known as Augustus) in 41/40 BC. The legion's emblem was a bull, but it also used a ship, a dolphin, and the god Neptune as symbols, reflecting its naval origins and its role in the Battle of Actium.

History

Formation and Early Campaigns

Legio X Fretensis was formed to fight against Sextus Pompey, who controlled Sicily and threatened Rome's grain supply. The legion's name, "Fretensis," is derived from the Strait of Messina (Fretum Siculum), where it first saw action. After the defeat of Sextus Pompey, the legion participated in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, which resulted in Octavian's victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Service in the East

Following the Battle of Actium, Legio X Fretensis was stationed in the Eastern Roman Empire. It played a significant role in the Roman–Parthian Wars and was later stationed in Judea around 6 AD. The legion was involved in the suppression of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD), including the siege and destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD.

Later Deployments

In the 2nd century, Legio X Fretensis was stationed in Syria Palaestina. It participated in the Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 AD), which was a major Jewish uprising against Roman rule. The legion remained in the region for several centuries, contributing to the defense and administration of the province.

Symbols and Traditions

The primary emblem of Legio X Fretensis was the bull, a common symbol among Roman legions. Additionally, the legion used symbols associated with the sea, such as a ship and a dolphin, reflecting its naval origins. The god Neptune, the Roman god of the sea, was also a symbol of the legion.

Notable Engagements

• Battle of Actium (31 BC)
• First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 AD)
• Siege of Jerusalem (70 AD)
• Bar Kokhba revolt (132–136 AD)

Legacy

Legio X Fretensis is remembered for its significant role in the Roman military campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean and its long-standing presence in the region. The legion's history is a testament to the strategic importance of the Eastern provinces to the Roman Empire.

See also

• Roman legion
• Roman military history
• First Jewish–Roman War
• Bar Kokhba revolt