Leukostasis

1916 Leukocyte Key

Reference ranges for blood tests - white blood cells

Leukostasis is a medical condition characterized by an extreme increase in the number of white blood cells (leukocytes), particularly seen in some types of cancer such as acute leukemia. This condition is also referred to as leukocyte adhesion and aggregation, leading to the blockage of blood vessels. The blockage can cause a variety of symptoms depending on which organs are affected, but it is particularly dangerous when it affects the brain or lungs.

Causes

Leukostasis is most commonly associated with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), where there is a rapid increase in immature white blood cells. This rapid proliferation can lead to the blood becoming extremely viscous, making it difficult for the blood to flow through small blood vessels.

Symptoms

Symptoms of leukostasis can vary widely depending on the organs involved but may include difficulty breathing, confusion, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness. In severe cases, leukostasis can lead to stroke, heart attack, or respiratory failure.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of leukostasis involves a combination of clinical assessment and laboratory tests. High white blood cell counts observed through a Complete Blood Count (CBC) test, along with symptoms indicative of organ dysfunction, may suggest leukostasis. Imaging studies such as CT scans or MRIs can be used to assess organ involvement.

Treatment

Treatment for leukostasis is aimed at reducing the white blood cell count and relieving symptoms. This may involve the use of chemotherapy to kill off the abnormal white blood cells, and in some cases, leukapheresis, a procedure that filters white blood cells directly from the blood, may be used to rapidly decrease white blood cell count.

Prognosis

The prognosis for patients with leukostasis depends on the underlying cause and the extent of organ damage at the time of diagnosis. With prompt and effective treatment, it is possible to manage the symptoms of leukostasis and improve outcomes.