Loa loa filaria

Loa loa filaria, commonly known as the African eye worm, is a parasitic worm that is the causative agent of loiasis. It is a nematode transmitted to humans through the bite of a deer fly or mango fly, the vectors belonging to the genus Chrysops. Loiasis is primarily found in the rainforests and swamps of West and Central Africa, affecting millions of people in endemic areas.

Life Cycle

The life cycle of Loa loa involves two hosts: humans, where the adult worms mature, and the Chrysops fly, which acts as a vector. The cycle begins when an infected fly bites a human, depositing the larval worms, known as microfilariae, into the skin. These larvae migrate through the human body, maturing into adult worms over 6-12 months. Adult worms can live up to 17 years within the human host. Females release microfilariae, which circulate in the peripheral blood, peaking in concentration during the day to match the feeding patterns of the Chrysops flies. When a fly bites an infected human, it ingests the microfilariae, which then mature into infective larvae within the fly, completing the cycle.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The presence of Loa loa in the human body can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. Common symptoms include localized swellings known as Calabar swellings, itching, and the migration of the adult worm across the eye, which is a hallmark sign of loiasis. These symptoms result from the body's immune response to the worm. Diagnosis is typically made by identifying microfilariae in a blood smear, taken during the day when microfilariae concentrations are highest. Advanced techniques such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) can also be used for diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment of loiasis involves the use of antiparasitic medications. The most commonly used drug is diethylcarbamazine (DEC), which is effective against both adult worms and microfilariae. However, treatment must be approached with caution, as killing the worms can lead to severe allergic reactions due to the release of worm antigens. In cases where the worm is visible migrating across the eye, surgical removal may be necessary.

Prevention

Prevention of loiasis focuses on reducing human contact with the Chrysops fly. Measures include wearing long sleeves and pants in endemic areas, using insect repellent, and ensuring living spaces are well-screened to prevent fly entry. Community-wide efforts to reduce the population of the Chrysops fly through environmental management and the use of insecticides can also be effective.

Epidemiology

Loiasis is endemic to the rainforest and swamp regions of West and Central Africa. The disease affects millions of people in countries such as Cameroon, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Nigeria. The distribution of loiasis is closely tied to the habitat of the Chrysops fly, which thrives in these humid, forested areas.

Public Health Impact

The public health impact of loiasis is significant in endemic areas. The disease can impair the quality of life due to its symptoms and can cause severe complications, such as kidney damage and encephalopathy, especially in cases of heavy infection. Loiasis also poses a challenge to the control of other filarial diseases, such as onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis, because the drugs used for mass treatment can cause severe adverse reactions in individuals co-infected with Loa loa.