MEMORY

Memory is a complex cognitive process that enables humans and other animals to encode, store, and retrieve information over time. The study of memory spans disciplines including psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science, reflecting its central role in not only individual functioning but also in society and culture. Memory can be categorized into different types, such as short-term memory, long-term memory, sensory memory, and working memory, each playing a distinct role in processing and storing information.

Types of Memory

Short-term Memory

Short-term memory (STM), also known as working memory, holds information temporarily for analysis and retrieves information from long-term memory. It is believed to have a limited capacity, famously defined by George A. Miller as "the magical number seven, plus or minus two" pieces of information.

Long-term Memory

Long-term memory (LTM) is where information is stored for extended periods, potentially for a lifetime. LTM can be further divided into explicit memory or declarative memory, which requires conscious thought—such as recalling a fact or an event (episodic memory)—and implicit memory, which is automatic, such as procedural memory involved in learning tasks.

Sensory Memory

Sensory memory acts as a buffer for stimuli received through the senses. A form of memory that is very short-term (up to a few seconds), it allows individuals to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimuli have ended.

Working Memory

Working memory is a core component of short-term memory, involving the manipulation of information that short-term memory stores. It plays a significant role in concentration, following instructions, and solving problems.

Memory Processes

Memory involves three key processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.

• Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
• Storage refers to the process of retaining information in memory over time.
• Retrieval is the process of accessing and bringing into consciousness information stored in memory.

Factors Affecting Memory

Several factors can influence memory, including attention, emotion, sleep, and aging. For instance, emotional experiences are often remembered more vividly and accurately than non-emotional ones, and sleep plays a critical role in consolidating memories.

Memory Disorders

Memory can be affected by various disorders, such as amnesia, which involves the loss of memories due to brain injury or disease, and dementia, a decline in memory and other cognitive functions due to conditions like Alzheimer's disease.

Improving Memory

Techniques to improve memory include mnemonics, which are memory aids or tricks designed to make information easier to remember, and the practice of rehearsal and repetition, which can strengthen the memory of the information.