Medulla oblongata

The Medulla Oblongata is a part of the brainstem that connects the higher levels of the brain to the spinal cord. It is responsible for regulating several basic functions of the autonomic nervous system, including respiration, cardiac function, and vasomotor control.

Anatomy

The medulla oblongata is located in the lower half of the brainstem, below the pons and above the spinal cord. It is roughly cylindrical in shape and measures about 3 cm in length. The anterior surface of the medulla is divided by a midline called the anterior median fissure. On either side of this fissure are pyramid-shaped structures known as the pyramids of the medulla.

Function

The medulla oblongata controls a number of important functions in the body. These include:

• Respiration: The medulla contains the respiratory centers of the brain, which regulate the rate and depth of breathing.

• Cardiac function: The cardiac center in the medulla regulates the heart rate and force of contraction.

• Vasomotor control: The vasomotor center in the medulla controls the diameter of blood vessels, thereby regulating blood pressure.

• Reflexes: The medulla also controls various reflex activities, such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting.

Clinical significance

Damage to the medulla oblongata can have serious consequences, as it controls functions that are vital for life. Conditions that can affect the medulla include stroke, tumors, and infections. Symptoms of damage to the medulla can include difficulty breathing, heart problems, and problems with balance and coordination.

See also

• Brainstem
• Autonomic nervous system
• Respiratory centers
• Cardiac center
• Vasomotor center

Medulla oblongata

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  Medulla oblongata
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  Medulla oblongata and foramen magnum animation
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  Cerebrum lobes
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  Medulla oblongata and cerebellum
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  Medulla oblongata
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  Medulla oblongata
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  Medulla oblongata
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  Medulla oblongata - posterior view