Meningococcal meningitis vaccine

Meningococcal meningitis vaccine refers to any vaccine used to prevent infection by Neisseria meningitidis, a bacterium that causes meningococcal disease, which can lead to meningitis and other forms of meningococcal disease such as septicemia. These vaccines are critical in controlling the spread of meningococcal disease, which can be life-threatening.

Types of Meningococcal Vaccines

There are several types of meningococcal vaccines available, each designed to protect against different serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis. The most common serogroups causing disease worldwide are A, B, C, W, and Y.

• Meningococcal conjugate vaccines (MCV4) protect against four serogroups: A, C, W, and Y. These vaccines are known by brand names such as Menactra and Menveo.
• Serogroup B meningococcal vaccines (MenB) are specifically designed to protect against serogroup B meningococcal disease. Examples include Bexsero and Trumenba.
• Polysaccharide vaccines (MPSV4) such as Menomune, offer protection against the same four serogroups as MCV4 but are mainly used for people over 55 years of age.

Vaccination Recommendations

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends routine meningococcal vaccination for all preteens and teens. Specifically, they advise the MCV4 vaccine to be given at 11 to 12 years of age with a booster dose at 16 years. For those at increased risk of meningococcal disease, such as individuals with certain medical conditions or travelers to countries where the disease is common, additional vaccinations may be recommended.

Efficacy and Safety

Meningococcal vaccines are highly effective in preventing meningococcal disease. The vaccines have been shown to produce good immunity in most people who receive them, with protection lasting for several years. Side effects are generally mild and can include pain at the injection site, fever, and fatigue.

Global Impact

The introduction of meningococcal vaccines has significantly reduced the incidence of meningococcal disease in countries where the vaccines are widely used. For example, the introduction of the MenA vaccine in Africa has led to a dramatic decrease in cases of serogroup A meningitis in the so-called "meningitis belt."

Future Directions

Research continues to improve the efficacy and coverage of meningococcal vaccines. This includes the development of new vaccines that can provide broader protection against more serogroups and efforts to increase vaccination rates in populations at risk.