Menstruation and humoral medicine

Quinta Essentia (Thurneisse) illustration Alchemic approach to four humors in relation to the four elements and zodiacal signs

Menstruation and Humoral Medicine

Menstruation, a natural biological process experienced by women and female-bodied individuals, has been a subject of medical and cultural discourse throughout history. In the context of humoral medicine, a dominant medical theory in ancient and medieval times, menstruation was interpreted and treated in ways that reflect the broader understanding of health and disease during those periods.

Overview of Humoral Medicine

Humoral medicine was based on the theory of the four humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. According to this theory, health was a state of balance among these humors, and disease was a result of their imbalance. Each humor was associated with specific qualities (hot, cold, wet, and dry) and elements (air, water, earth, and fire), and treatments aimed to restore balance through various means, including diet, exercise, and phlebotomy.

Menstruation in Humoral Theory

In humoral theory, menstruation was considered a natural process of expelling excess blood, which was believed to be produced in excess in the female body. It was associated with the humor of blood, which was linked to the element of air and the quality of being hot and wet. Menstruation was thus seen as a means of maintaining the body's balance by removing excess hot and wet humor.

Cultural and Medical Perceptions

The perception of menstruation in societies adhering to humoral medicine was complex. On one hand, it was viewed as a necessary and healthy bodily function. On the other hand, the blood expelled during menstruation was often considered impure or dangerous, leading to various cultural practices and restrictions on menstruating individuals, such as prohibitions from entering sacred spaces or preparing food.

Treatments and Practices

Treatment and management of menstruation in humoral medicine focused on maintaining or restoring the balance of humors. This could include dietary recommendations to avoid foods that were considered to increase the blood humor, such as red meat or hot spices. Herbal remedies were also commonly prescribed, with herbs that had cooling or drying properties to counteract the hot and wet nature of menstrual blood.

Legacy and Modern Perspectives

The humoral theory of medicine, including its views on menstruation, was eventually replaced by modern medical science. However, the legacy of humoral theory can still be seen in some contemporary alternative medicine practices and in cultural beliefs about menstruation in various parts of the world. Modern medicine views menstruation through the lens of reproductive biology, focusing on the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle rather than the balance of bodily humors.

Conclusion

The understanding of menstruation within the framework of humoral medicine provides insight into how ancient and medieval societies interpreted this biological process. It reflects the broader humoral theory of health and disease, which emphasized balance and harmony within the body. While modern medicine has moved beyond the humoral theory, the historical perspective on menstruation underlines the evolving nature of medical knowledge and cultural attitudes towards this fundamental aspect of human biology.