Mercury(II) cyanide

Mercury(II) cyanide, also known as mercuric cyanide, is a chemical compound with the formula Hg(CN)₂. This compound is a colorless crystalline solid that is highly toxic and soluble in water. Mercury(II) cyanide is used in various industrial applications, including electroplating and organic synthesis, but its use is limited due to its toxicity and the environmental impact of mercury compounds.

Properties

Mercury(II) cyanide forms colorless, odorless, tetragonal crystals. It is highly soluble in water, with its solubility increasing with temperature. The compound decomposes upon exposure to light or on heating, producing highly toxic mercury and cyanide vapors. Due to its dangerous nature, handling of mercury(II) cyanide requires strict safety precautions.

Synthesis

Mercury(II) cyanide can be synthesized by reacting mercury(II) chloride (HgCl₂) with potassium cyanide (KCN) in an aqueous solution. The reaction produces potassium chloride (KCl) as a byproduct.

<math>HgCl_2 + 2KCN \rightarrow Hg(CN)_2 + 2KCl</math>

Applications

Despite its toxicity, mercury(II) cyanide is used in several niche applications. It is employed in the field of electroplating, where it serves as a part of solutions used to deposit metallic mercury onto various substrates. Additionally, it is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, particularly in the preparation of certain organic mercury compounds.

Toxicity and Safety

Mercury(II) cyanide is extremely toxic, with the potential to cause death if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. The compound interferes with cellular respiration, leading to cellular hypoxia and ultimately, organ failure. Symptoms of mercury(II) cyanide poisoning include headache, dizziness, hypertension, and in severe cases, respiratory failure and death.

Due to its high toxicity, the handling of mercury(II) cyanide requires appropriate safety measures. These include the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), such as gloves and respirators, and the implementation of engineering controls like fume hoods.

Environmental Impact

Mercury compounds, including mercury(II) cyanide, are persistent environmental pollutants. They can accumulate in water bodies, leading to mercury poisoning in aquatic life and biomagnification through the food chain. Consequently, the use and disposal of mercury(II) cyanide are subject to strict regulations in many countries.

See Also

• Mercury poisoning
• Cyanide poisoning
• Electroplating
• Organic synthesis