Multivitamin

Overview of multivitamins

Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

Diagram of engineered monoclonal antibodies

Engineered monoclonal antibodies are a class of biological therapies that are designed to target specific antigens on the surface of cells. These antibodies are produced using recombinant DNA technologies and are used in the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases.

Structure and Function

Monoclonal antibodies are composed of two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, forming a Y-shaped molecule. The tips of the "Y" contain the antigen-binding sites, which are highly specific to the target antigen. This specificity allows monoclonal antibodies to bind to their target with high affinity, blocking or modulating the function of the antigen.

Types of Engineered Monoclonal Antibodies

There are several types of engineered monoclonal antibodies, each designed for specific therapeutic purposes:

• Chimeric antibodies: These antibodies are composed of murine (mouse) variable regions and human constant regions. They are less immunogenic than fully murine antibodies.

• Humanized antibodies: These antibodies are mostly human, with only the antigen-binding sites derived from murine sources. This reduces the risk of immune reactions.

• Fully human antibodies: These are entirely human in origin, produced using transgenic mice or phage display technologies.

• Bispecific antibodies: These antibodies are engineered to bind two different antigens simultaneously, offering unique therapeutic mechanisms.

Applications in Medicine

Engineered monoclonal antibodies have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases:

• Cancer therapy: Monoclonal antibodies can target specific tumor antigens, leading to direct tumor cell killing or recruitment of immune cells to attack the tumor.

• Autoimmune diseases: By targeting specific components of the immune system, monoclonal antibodies can reduce inflammation and tissue damage in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.

• Infectious diseases: Monoclonal antibodies can neutralize pathogens or their toxins, providing passive immunity or enhancing the host's immune response.

Production

The production of engineered monoclonal antibodies involves several steps:

1. Antigen identification: The target antigen is identified and characterized. 2. Hybridoma technology: B cells from immunized animals are fused with myeloma cells to create hybridomas that produce the desired antibody. 3. Recombinant DNA technology: Genes encoding the antibody are cloned and expressed in suitable host cells, such as Chinese hamster ovary cells. 4. Purification and formulation: The antibodies are purified and formulated for clinical use.

Challenges and Future Directions

While engineered monoclonal antibodies have shown great promise, there are challenges such as high production costs, potential for immune reactions, and the development of resistance. Ongoing research aims to improve antibody design, reduce immunogenicity, and enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Related Pages

• Monoclonal antibody therapy
• Biopharmaceutical
• Immunotherapy
• Hybridoma technology

A multivitamin is a dietary supplement that contains a combination of vitamins, and often minerals, and other nutritional elements. Multivitamins are used to provide vitamins that are not taken in through the diet. They are also used to treat vitamin deficiencies (lack of vitamins) caused by illness, pregnancy, poor nutrition, digestive disorders, and many other conditions.

Composition

Multivitamins come in many forms, including tablets, capsules, chewable gummies, powders, and liquids. The specific composition of multivitamins varies by brand and product. Common vitamins included in multivitamins are vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K. They may also contain B vitamins such as thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folic acid, vitamin B12, biotin, and pantothenic acid.

Health Benefits

Multivitamins are often used to fill nutritional gaps and ensure that individuals get their daily allowance of essential nutrients. They may help prevent vitamin deficiencies and associated health problems. Some studies suggest that multivitamins can improve immune function, support bone health, and enhance energy levels.

Usage

Multivitamins are typically taken once daily, although the specific dosage and frequency can vary depending on the product and individual needs. It is important to follow the instructions on the label or as directed by a healthcare provider.

Safety and Side Effects

While multivitamins are generally considered safe, excessive intake of certain vitamins and minerals can lead to adverse effects. For example, too much vitamin A can cause toxicity, and high doses of iron can lead to iron overload. It is important to adhere to recommended dosages and consult with a healthcare provider if unsure.

See Also

• Dietary supplement
• Vitamin
• Mineral (nutrient)
• Nutrition

External Links

• Multivitamin/mineral Supplements Fact Sheet for Health Professionals - Office of Dietary Supplements