Neonatal teeth

Neonatal teeth are teeth that emerge through the gumline within the first month of a newborn's life. Although relatively rare, with an incidence of 1 in 2,000 to 1 in 3,500 live births, the presence of these teeth can be a source of concern for parents and a challenge for healthcare providers. Neonatal teeth are most commonly found in the lower front gum (mandibular incisor area) but can appear in any region of the newborn's mouth.

Etiology

The exact cause of neonatal teeth is not well understood, but several factors are believed to contribute to their development. These include genetic predisposition, nutritional factors, and environmental influences. In some cases, neonatal teeth are part of a syndrome or condition, such as Pierre Robin syndrome or Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, indicating a need for further medical evaluation.

Classification

Neonatal teeth can be classified into two main types: true neonatal teeth and natal teeth. True neonatal teeth are those that have erupted after birth, while natal teeth are present at birth. Both types are further classified based on their development stage: either fully developed teeth with a normal root structure or immature teeth with little to no root formation.

Symptoms and Complications

Neonatal teeth can lead to several complications, including irritation or injury to the infant's tongue (Riga-Fede disease), difficulty feeding, and risk of aspiration if the tooth becomes loose and is inhaled. For the mother, these teeth can cause discomfort during breastfeeding.

Management

The management of neonatal teeth involves a multidisciplinary approach, including pediatricians, pediatric dentists, and sometimes, oral surgeons. The treatment plan depends on the tooth's mobility, the presence of associated symptoms, and the overall health of the infant. Options include smoothing the sharp edges of the tooth, removal of the tooth if it poses a risk of aspiration, or leaving the tooth in place with close monitoring.

Prevention

There are no established methods for preventing the emergence of neonatal teeth. However, prenatal care and good nutrition during pregnancy may reduce the risk of developmental anomalies, including those affecting the teeth.

Prognosis

The prognosis for infants with neonatal teeth varies depending on whether the teeth are symptomatic and on the management strategy employed. With appropriate care, most complications can be effectively managed, allowing for normal feeding and development.