Dysthymia

Dysthymia
Synonyms	Persistent depressive disorder
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Depressed mood, fatigue, low self-esteem, hopelessness, poor concentration
Complications	Major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders
Onset	Typically in adolescence or early adulthood
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Genetic, biological, environmental factors
Risks	Family history of depression, stressful life events, chronic illness
Diagnosis	Clinical assessment, DSM-5 criteria
Differential diagnosis	Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Psychotherapy, antidepressant medications
Medication	Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
Prognosis	Variable; can improve with treatment
Frequency	Approximately 1.5% of the population
Deaths	N/A

Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder (PDD), is a type of chronic depression that lasts for a long period of time, often two years or more. It is characterized by a depressed mood that occurs for most of the day, more days than not, and has been present for at least two years.

Symptoms

The symptoms of dysthymia are similar to those of major depressive disorder, but they are less severe and more persistent. These may include feelings of sadness or hopelessness, low energy or fatigue, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, and a lack of interest in daily activities.

Causes

The exact cause of dysthymia is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. It is often associated with a history of other mental health disorders, such as anxiety disorder or personality disorder.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of dysthymia is based on a thorough clinical interview and diagnostic guidelines from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). The DSM-5 criteria for dysthymia include a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least two years.

Treatment

Treatment for dysthymia typically involves a combination of psychotherapy and medication. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often used to help individuals with dysthymia change negative thought patterns and improve coping skills. Medications, such as antidepressants, may also be used to help manage symptoms.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, many people with dysthymia can lead healthy, productive lives. However, some individuals may continue to experience symptoms or have periods of full-blown major depression, known as "double depression."

See also

• Depression (mood)
• Major depressive disorder
• Mental health