Neurotoxins

Neurotoxins are toxins that are poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue (neurotoxicity). Neurotoxins are an extensive class of exogenous chemical neurological insults that can adversely affect function in both developing and mature nervous tissue. The term can also be used to classify endogenous compounds, which, when abnormally contacted, can prove neurologically toxic. Though neurotoxins are often neurologically destructive, their ability to specifically target neural components is important in the study of nervous systems.

Types of Neurotoxins

Neurotoxins can be found in a variety of organisms including venomous animals such as the box jellyfish, snakes, insects, spiders, fish, mollusks, and certain types of cephalopods. Neurotoxins are also produced by some microorganisms, plants, and fungi.

Mechanism of Action

Neurotoxins inhibit neuron control over ion concentrations across the cell membrane, or communication between neurons across a synapse. Local pathology of neurotoxin exposure often includes neuron excitotoxicity or apoptosis but can also include glial cell damage.

Effects of Neurotoxins

The effects of neurotoxins can range from loss of sensation to paralysis, convulsions, and death. Neurotoxins can also cause a variety of psychological effects, including anxiety, confusion, and hallucinations.

Treatment and Prevention

Treatment for neurotoxin exposure can include antivenom for venomous bites or stings, medications to control symptoms, and supportive care such as respiratory support in severe cases. Prevention of neurotoxin exposure can include avoiding areas where venomous animals are found, using protective clothing when handling toxic substances, and proper food handling to prevent foodborne illnesses.

See Also

• Venom
• Toxin
• Neurology
• Neurotoxicity

Neurotoxins Resources
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