OLD

Osteochondritis Dissecans (OCD) is a joint disorder in which cracks form in the articular cartilage and the underlying subchondral bone. OCD commonly affects the knee, although it can also occur in other joints such as the elbow and ankle. This condition can cause pain and swelling, and if left untreated, it may lead to osteoarthritis. The exact cause of OCD is unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and mechanical factors.

Symptoms

Symptoms of Osteochondritis Dissecans include:

• Joint pain
• Swelling
• Stiffness
• A catching or locking sensation within the joint
• Decreased range of motion

Causes

The exact cause of OCD is not fully understood, but several factors are thought to contribute to its development:

• Repetitive trauma or stress on the joint
• Genetic predisposition
• Ischemia (reduced blood flow) to the affected area
• Abnormal bone formation or growth

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of OCD involves a combination of clinical evaluation and imaging studies. The following are commonly used diagnostic tools:

• Physical examination
• X-rays
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): This is particularly useful in detecting early stages of OCD and assessing the stability of the lesion.

Treatment

Treatment for Osteochondritis Dissecans depends on the age of the patient, the stage of the condition, and whether the lesion is stable. Options include:

• Non-surgical treatment: Rest, physical therapy, and bracing or casting to offload the affected joint. This approach is often recommended for children and adolescents with stable lesions.
• Surgical treatment: Indicated for patients with unstable lesions, failed non-surgical management, or those with significant symptoms. Surgery may involve arthroscopic drilling to stimulate new blood flow to the affected area, or fixation of the lesion with screws or pins.

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Osteochondritis Dissecans varies. Younger patients with stable lesions have a good chance of recovery with conservative treatment. However, individuals with unstable lesions or those who develop OCD as adults may have a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis in the affected joint.

Prevention

Preventive measures for OCD are not well established due to the unclear etiology of the condition. However, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding repetitive joint stress, and early detection through regular medical check-ups may help reduce the risk of developing OCD.