Op art

Riley, Movement in Squares

Francis Picabia, 1922c - Optophone

Soto Sphere

Vasarely Pecs 2009

Mosaics by Wojciech Fangor in Warsaw 1963

Torun aula UMK mozaika Stefana Knappa

Op art, short for Optical art, is a style of visual art that uses optical illusions. Op art works are abstract, with many of the better known pieces being in black and white. Typically, they give the viewer the impression of movement, hidden images, flashing and vibrating patterns, or of swelling or warping.

History

Op art emerged in the mid-20th century, with artists like Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, and Jesús Rafael Soto leading the movement. It became particularly popular in the 1960s, coinciding with the counterculture movement where people were exploring altered states of consciousness, among other things. The movement was first referred to as "Op art" in a 1964 article in Time magazine. Following this, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City held an exhibition titled "The Responsive Eye" in 1965, which brought even greater attention to the movement.

Characteristics

Op art is characterized by its use of geometric shapes and lines to create optical illusions. These illusions can make static images appear to move or blur, or they can create complex interplays of foreground and background, making it difficult for the eye to determine which is which. The use of black and white is common, as it provides the greatest contrast, but color is also used effectively by some artists to enhance the optical effects.

Techniques

Artists employ various techniques to achieve the desired optical effects. These include the use of perspective, precise line work, and the careful placement of contrasting colors. Some works are hand-drawn, while others involve the use of computer software to create more complex patterns.

Influence

Op art has influenced both the art world and popular culture. Its aesthetic has been adopted in fashion, advertising, and graphic design. It also paved the way for future movements that explore the relationship between visual perception and the mind, contributing to the development of kinetic art and other forms of interactive art.

Notable Artists

• Victor Vasarely is often considered the father of Op art, with his work exploring geometric patterns and optical effects.
• Bridget Riley is a British artist known for her black and white paintings that create a disorienting effect on the viewer.
• Jesús Rafael Soto incorporated elements of Op art into kinetic sculptures, adding a physical dimension to the optical illusions.

Exhibitions and Legacy

"The Responsive Eye" exhibition in 1965 at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City was a pivotal moment for Op art, bringing it to a wider audience. Since then, there have been numerous exhibitions dedicated to the movement, showcasing its enduring appeal and influence on contemporary art.

Op art remains a fascinating area within the broader field of visual arts, continually challenging our perceptions and inviting us to see the world in new and unexpected ways.