Oralism

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Oralism

Oralism is an approach to the education of deaf individuals that emphasizes the use of speech and lip reading rather than sign language. This method focuses on teaching deaf individuals to use their residual hearing and to develop their ability to speak and understand spoken language.

History

The origins of oralism can be traced back to the 18th and 19th centuries. One of the earliest proponents of oralism was Samuel Heinicke, a German educator who established the first oral school for the deaf in 1778. In the United States, oralism gained prominence in the late 19th century, particularly after the Milan Conference of 1880, where it was decided that oral education was superior to sign language.

Methods

Oralism involves several techniques aimed at improving the speech and listening skills of deaf individuals. These include:

• Auditory training: Teaching individuals to use their residual hearing through the use of hearing aids or cochlear implants.
• Speech therapy: Helping individuals develop clear speech through various exercises and practices.
• Lip reading: Training individuals to understand spoken language by observing the movements of the lips, face, and tongue.

Controversy

Oralism has been a subject of controversy within the deaf community. Critics argue that it can be detrimental to the social and emotional development of deaf individuals by discouraging the use of sign language, which is a natural and fully developed language. Proponents of bilingual-bicultural education advocate for the use of both sign language and spoken language to provide a more inclusive and effective educational experience.

Modern Perspectives

Today, the debate between oralism and sign language continues, but there is a growing recognition of the importance of a balanced approach. Many educational programs now incorporate both oral and sign language methods to cater to the diverse needs of deaf individuals.

Related Pages

• Deaf culture
• Sign language
• Cochlear implant
• Milan Conference of 1880
• Bilingual-bicultural education