Oxygen free radicals

Oxygen free radicals are atoms, ions, or molecules that contain an unpaired electron, which makes them highly reactive. They are a type of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which also include non-radical derivatives of oxygen. Oxygen free radicals are produced in the body during normal metabolism, but can also be induced by exposure to radiation, toxins, and other stressors. They play a role in cell signaling and homeostasis, but excessive amounts can lead to oxidative stress, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Production

Oxygen free radicals are produced in the body during normal metabolic processes, such as the electron transport chain in mitochondria, where they are a byproduct of oxygen metabolism. They can also be produced by immune cells as part of the body's defense against pathogens. In addition, they can be induced by exposure to radiation, toxins, and other stressors.

Role in the body

Oxygen free radicals play a role in cell signaling and homeostasis. They are involved in the regulation of gene expression, the activation of cell signaling pathways, and the induction of cell death. However, their high reactivity means that they can also react with and damage other molecules in the cell, including DNA, proteins, and lipids.

Oxidative stress

Excessive amounts of oxygen free radicals can lead to oxidative stress, a state in which the body's antioxidant defenses are overwhelmed. Oxidative stress can damage cells and contribute to aging and diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. The body has several mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress, including the production of antioxidant enzymes and the repair or removal of damaged molecules.

See also

• Reactive oxygen species
• Oxidative stress
• Antioxidant
• Free radical theory of aging

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