Parliamentary system

Houses.of.parliament.overall.arp

Berlin reichstag CP

Belmopan Parliament

Centre Block - Parliament Hill

National Assembly of Armenia

National Assembly of Bangladesh (06)

Parliamentary system is a form of government where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislature, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a person distinct from the head of government, such as a monarch in a constitutional monarchy or a president in a parliamentary republic, serving more as a symbolic figure while the head of government is usually the prime minister or an equivalent.

Characteristics

The key characteristic of a parliamentary system is the dependence of the executive branch on the direct or indirect support of the parliament, which expresses this support through a vote of confidence. This means that the prime minister and their cabinet are members of the parliament and are responsible for the functioning of the government to the parliament. This contrasts with a presidential system, where the president is often both the head of state and the head of government, and the executive branch does not depend on the legislature to remain in office.

Another feature is the dual executive concept, where the roles of head of state and head of government are divided. The head of state may have largely ceremonial duties or some reserved powers but does not usually play a significant role in the day-to-day management of the state.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages of a parliamentary system include greater stability in the executive branch, as the government can remain in power as long as it has the support of the majority of the parliament. This system can also lead to more effective legislation, as the executive branch is usually supported by a majority in the parliament and can pass legislation more easily.

However, critics argue that parliamentary systems can lead to a lack of separation between the legislative and executive branches, potentially leading to excessive power in the hands of the majority party. There is also the risk of frequent elections or changes in leadership if the government loses the confidence of the parliament.

Variations

There are several variations of parliamentary systems around the world. Some countries, like the United Kingdom, have a traditional parliamentary system with a constitutional monarchy, where the monarch has limited powers and acts on the advice of the prime minister. Other countries, such as India, have a parliamentary republic, where the president is elected either by the parliament or through a direct vote by the people but still serves a largely ceremonial role, with real power being held by the prime minister.

Comparison with Other Government Systems

Parliamentary systems are often compared with presidential systems and semi-presidential systems. In presidential systems, the president is elected independently of the legislature, has significant powers, and serves as both head of state and head of government. Semi-presidential systems combine elements of both, with a president serving alongside a prime minister and cabinet, where the president may have significant powers independent of the legislature.

Conclusion

The parliamentary system offers a model of governance that emphasizes the interdependence of the executive and legislative branches. Its effectiveness and efficiency depend on the specific characteristics of the country in which it is implemented, including its political culture, history, and societal values.