Perforated

Perforation is a medical condition that involves a hole in a structure of the body, often caused by disease or trauma. It can occur in various parts of the body, including the gastrointestinal tract, ear drum, appendix, and lung.

Causes

Perforation can be caused by a variety of factors, including infection, inflammation, trauma, and disease. In the gastrointestinal tract, common causes include peptic ulcer disease, diverticulitis, and appendicitis. Trauma can also cause perforation, such as a gunshot wound or stab wound. Certain medical procedures, such as endoscopy or surgery, can also result in perforation.

Symptoms

The symptoms of perforation can vary depending on the location and severity of the perforation. Common symptoms include severe pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, and shock. In the case of gastrointestinal perforation, there may also be signs of peritonitis, such as abdominal distension, tenderness, and rebound tenderness.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of perforation often involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and imaging studies. X-ray and CT scan are commonly used to visualize the location and extent of the perforation. In some cases, laparoscopy may be used to directly visualize the perforation.

Treatment

Treatment of perforation depends on the cause, location, and severity of the perforation. In many cases, surgery is required to repair the perforation and treat any resulting complications, such as infection or abscess. Antibiotics are often used to treat or prevent infection. In some cases, conservative management may be appropriate, such as in the case of small, contained perforations.

See also

• Gastrointestinal perforation
• Rupture
• Trauma (medicine)

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