Personality trait

A Personality trait is a characteristic pattern of behavior or conscious motive which can be self-assessed or assessed by peers. The traits are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are applicable in many different situations and are generally recognized as having a biological basis.

History

The concept of personality traits can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, who proposed four fundamental personality traits: sanguine (enthusiastic, active, and social), choleric (short-tempered, fast, or irritable), melancholic (analytical, detail-oriented, deep thinker and feeler), and phlegmatic (relaxed and peaceful). Modern psychological research on traits has been informed by several influential theories, including those of Carl Jung, Gordon Allport, and Raymond Cattell.

Five-factor model

The most widely accepted system of traits currently in use is the Five-factor model (FFM) or "Big Five", which includes openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Each of these dimensions is a continuum along which individuals can vary, from low to high.

Biological basis

Research has suggested that personality traits are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, and are generally stable throughout life. The biological basis of personality traits is evidenced by the stability of traits over time and in different situations.

Measurement

Personality traits are often measured using self-report surveys, although peer-reports and third-party observation can also be used. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) are two commonly used tools in the study of personality traits.

See also

• Personality psychology
• Personality disorder
• Personality development
• Personality test