Polygenism

Races and skulls

Polygenism is a theory of human origins positing that the human races are of different origins (polygenesis). This theory is in contrast to monogenism, which posits a single origin of humanity. Polygenism has been historically associated with the belief that different races are fundamentally different in terms of biology and intelligence.

Historical Background

Polygenism gained prominence in the 19th century, particularly in the context of the scientific racism that sought to justify racial hierarchies. Prominent proponents of polygenism included Samuel George Morton, Louis Agassiz, and Josiah C. Nott. These scientists used craniometry and other pseudoscientific methods to argue for the inherent differences between races.

Scientific Criticism

The theory of polygenism has been widely discredited by modern science. Advances in genetics and paleontology have provided overwhelming evidence supporting the theory of monogenism. The Out of Africa theory, which posits that all modern humans have a common origin in Africa, is now the most widely accepted model of human evolution.

Polygenism in Anthropology

In anthropology, polygenism was part of the broader debate on human diversity and the classification of human races. Early anthropologists who supported polygenism often did so to argue for the superiority of certain races over others. This has led to significant ethical and scientific criticisms of the theory.

Religious Perspectives

Polygenism has also been a topic of debate in religious contexts. Some religious groups have opposed polygenism on the grounds that it contradicts the biblical account of human origins. The Catholic Church, for example, has historically supported monogenism, aligning with the belief in a single pair of human ancestors, Adam and Eve.

Modern Relevance

While polygenism is no longer supported in scientific circles, its historical impact on racial theories and its role in justifying racial discrimination continue to be subjects of study in the fields of history of science and sociology.

Related Pages

• Monogenism
• Scientific racism
• Out of Africa theory
• Craniometry
• History of anthropology
• Human evolution