Polymorphism (biology)

albino monarch butterfly

Polymorphism in biology refers to the occurrence of two or more clearly different phenotypes within the same population of a species. It is a common phenomenon in nature and can be observed in various forms, such as morphs, forms, or varieties. Polymorphism is a result of genetic variation and can be influenced by environmental factors, natural selection, and genetic drift.

Types of Polymorphism

Polymorphism can be classified into several types based on the underlying mechanisms and the nature of the phenotypic differences:

• Genetic polymorphism: This type of polymorphism is due to the presence of different alleles at a particular gene locus. An example is the ABO blood group system in humans.
• Balanced polymorphism: This occurs when two or more alleles are maintained in a population due to selective advantages. An example is the sickle cell trait in regions where malaria is prevalent.
• Transient polymorphism: This is a temporary form of polymorphism where one allele is gradually replacing another in a population.
• Sexual dimorphism: This refers to differences in appearance between males and females of the same species, such as the size and color differences in many bird species.

Mechanisms

Polymorphism can arise through various mechanisms, including:

• Mutation: Changes in the DNA sequence can create new alleles, leading to genetic polymorphism.
• Gene flow: The movement of genes between populations can introduce new genetic variations.
• Natural selection: Differential survival and reproduction of individuals with certain phenotypes can lead to the maintenance of polymorphism.
• Genetic drift: Random changes in allele frequencies can result in polymorphism, especially in small populations.

Examples

• Peppered moth (Biston betularia): The classic example of industrial melanism, where the frequency of dark-colored moths increased in polluted areas during the Industrial Revolution.
• Human blood groups: The ABO blood group system is an example of genetic polymorphism in humans.
• Snail shell color: The land snail Cepaea nemoralis exhibits polymorphism in shell color and banding patterns.

Importance

Polymorphism is important for the evolution and adaptation of species. It provides the raw material for natural selection to act upon and allows populations to adapt to changing environments. Polymorphism also contributes to the biodiversity and ecological interactions within ecosystems.

Related Pages

• Genetic variation
• Natural selection
• Mutation
• Gene flow
• Genetic drift
• Sexual dimorphism
• Balanced polymorphism
• Transient polymorphism