Pregnancy specific biological substances

Pregnancy-specific biological substances are a group of proteins, hormones, and other biochemical entities that are significantly involved in the process of pregnancy. These substances play crucial roles in the regulation, maintenance, and successful completion of pregnancy. They are involved in various physiological processes including the development of the placenta, immunological tolerance, and the adaptation of the mother's body to support fetal development.

Hormones

One of the most critical groups of pregnancy-specific biological substances is hormones. These include:

• Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG): Produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining, hCG supports the ovarian corpus luteum, which in turn produces progesterone during the first trimester.
• Progesterone: Essential for maintaining the uterine lining and preventing contractions in the early stages of pregnancy.
• Estrogen: Increases throughout pregnancy and plays a key role in the development of the placenta and the fetus. It also prepares the mother's body for childbirth.
• Prolactin: Prepares the body for breastfeeding and increases throughout pregnancy.
• Relaxin: Helps the pelvis to expand and the cervix to dilate for childbirth.

Proteins

Pregnancy-specific proteins also play vital roles, including:

• Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A): A protein used in screening tests for chromosomal abnormalities in the first trimester.
• Placental lactogen: Involved in maternal metabolic adaptations to pregnancy and fetal development.

Other Substances

Other important substances include:

• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP): A protein produced by the fetus, levels of which are used in screening tests for neural tube defects and other conditions.
• Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH): Produced by the placenta, CRH plays a role in the timing of birth.

Role in Pregnancy and Clinical Applications

These substances are not only crucial for the physiological adaptations and support of pregnancy but also serve as biomarkers for various screening and diagnostic tests. For example, abnormal levels of hCG and PAPP-A can indicate potential complications such as ectopic pregnancy or Down syndrome. Monitoring these substances helps in the early detection and management of potential risks during pregnancy.

Conclusion

Understanding the roles and regulation of pregnancy-specific biological substances is essential for the management of a healthy pregnancy and the early detection of potential complications. Ongoing research continues to uncover the complexities of these substances and their interactions, offering new insights into maternal and fetal health.