Prehistoric Europe

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Prehistoric Europe refers to the period of human history in Europe before the advent of written records. This era encompasses several distinct periods, including the Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Each of these periods is characterized by significant developments in human culture, technology, and social organization.

Paleolithic[edit | edit source]

The Paleolithic period, also known as the Old Stone Age, is the earliest phase of human history. It spans from approximately 2.5 million years ago to around 10,000 BCE. During this time, early humans, such as Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis, inhabited Europe. They were primarily hunter-gatherers, relying on stone tools and fire for survival.

Mesolithic[edit | edit source]

The Mesolithic period, or Middle Stone Age, followed the end of the last Ice Age around 10,000 BCE and lasted until the advent of agriculture. This period saw the development of more advanced stone tools and the beginning of semi-permanent settlements. The Maglemosian culture and the Azilian culture are notable Mesolithic cultures in Europe.

Neolithic[edit | edit source]

The Neolithic period, or New Stone Age, began around 7000 BCE in Europe and is marked by the advent of agriculture. This period saw the domestication of plants and animals, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the development of pottery and weaving. Significant Neolithic sites in Europe include Çatalhöyük and Stonehenge.

Bronze Age[edit | edit source]

The Bronze Age in Europe began around 3200 BCE and is characterized by the use of bronze for tools and weapons. This period saw the rise of complex societies, trade networks, and the construction of monumental structures such as Stonehenge and the Minoan civilization's palaces on Crete.

Iron Age[edit | edit source]

The Iron Age in Europe began around 1200 BCE and is marked by the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons. This period saw the emergence of powerful cultures such as the Celts, the Etruscans, and the Greeks. The Iron Age continued until the Roman conquest of Europe, which brought the region into the historical period.