Propionitrile

Propionitrile-3D-balls

U-23,807A

Propionitrile, also known as ethyl cyanide and by its IUPAC name propanenitrile, is an organic compound with the formula CH₃CH₂CN. It is a simple nitrile wherein the carbon atom connected to the nitrogen atom is part of a three-carbon alkyl chain. Propionitrile is a colorless liquid with a slightly ethereal odor, which is used as a solvent and an intermediate in the synthesis of various organic compounds.

Properties

Propionitrile is a polar organic solvent, miscible with water and many organic solvents. It has a boiling point of 97.2°C and a melting point of -92.8°C. Being a nitrile, it is capable of participating in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation, halogenation, and nucleophilic addition reactions, making it a versatile intermediate in organic synthesis.

Production

Propionitrile is primarily produced through the ammonoxidation of propanol in the presence of a catalyst or by the dehydration of propionamide. The ammonoxidation process involves the reaction of propanol with ammonia and oxygen, yielding propionitrile along with water as a byproduct.

Applications

The primary use of propionitrile is as an intermediate in the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is a precursor to propionamide, ethylamine, and several pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Due to its solvent properties, it is also used in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries to dissolve various substances.

Safety

Propionitrile is toxic if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory system. Proper handling and storage procedures must be followed to minimize exposure and reduce the risk of fire and health hazards. Safety data sheets (SDS) provide detailed information on the safe handling and storage of propionitrile.

Environmental Impact

Like many organic solvents, propionitrile has the potential to cause environmental harm if not managed properly. It is important to prevent releases into the environment and to follow all regulations regarding its use, storage, and disposal.