Protonation

Protonation is a chemical reaction that involves the addition of a proton (H+) to an atom, molecule, or ion. This process is fundamental to many chemical and biological processes, including acid-base reactions, protein folding, and enzyme catalysis.

Overview

Protonation is the process by which a proton is added to an atom, molecule, or ion. This can occur in a variety of contexts, including in the presence of a Bronsted-Lowry acid, which donates a proton to a Bronsted-Lowry base. The resulting species, known as the conjugate acid, is protonated.

Mechanism

The mechanism of protonation involves the formation of a coordinate covalent bond between the proton and the atom, molecule, or ion. This occurs when a lone pair of electrons on the base forms a bond with the proton. The strength of the bond depends on the relative acidity and basicity of the reactants.

Biological significance

Protonation plays a crucial role in many biological processes. For example, it is involved in the folding of proteins, where it can influence the shape and function of the protein. It is also a key step in the mechanism of many enzymes, where it can facilitate the conversion of substrates into products.

See also

• Deprotonation
• Acid dissociation constant
• pH
• Hydronium