Quintus Aurelius Symmachus

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Symmacho portrait terrestre, British Museum

Quintus Aurelius Symmachus (c. 345–402 AD) was a Roman statesman, orator, and manuscript collector, who rose to high office in the late 4th century AD. He is perhaps best known for his efforts to preserve the traditional Roman religious practices against the rising tide of Christianity. Symmachus is a significant figure in the history of the late Roman Empire for his articulation of pagan values and for his attempts to maintain religious tolerance.

Life

Symmachus was born into a distinguished noble family of the Roman Empire. He pursued a career in public service, which was typical for men of his status. Over the years, Symmachus held several high-ranking positions, including the prestigious office of Consul in 391 AD, demonstrating his importance and influence in Roman society.

One of the most notable episodes of his career was his involvement in the dispute over the Altar of Victory. In 384 AD, the Christian emperor Gratian removed the altar from the Senate house, an act that Symmachus protested in a famous plea known as the "Relatio III". He argued for the restoration of the altar and the continuation of state support for the traditional Roman religion, emphasizing the virtues of religious tolerance and the historical legacy of Rome. However, his plea was ultimately unsuccessful, as the Christian emperors continued to promote Christianity as the state religion.

Works and Legacy

Symmachus is also remembered for his writings, which include letters, speeches, and other documents that provide valuable insights into the political and social life of the late Roman Empire. His collection of letters, in particular, is a rich source of information on the intellectual and cultural milieu of the time.

Despite his failure to halt the Christianization of the Roman Empire, Symmachus' efforts are seen as a significant attempt to defend the pluralistic religious traditions of Rome. His plea for the Altar of Victory is often cited as a classic example of the argument for religious tolerance and coexistence.

In addition to his political and religious activities, Symmachus was a patron of literature and learning. He amassed an impressive library and supported scholars and writers, contributing to the preservation of classical knowledge through the turbulent times of the late Empire.

Conclusion

Quintus Aurelius Symmachus stands out as a figure who tried to bridge the gap between the old pagan traditions and the new Christian order. His life and works offer a glimpse into the complexities of this transitional period in Roman history. While ultimately on the losing side of history, his advocacy for religious tolerance and his contributions to literature and scholarship have ensured his place in the annals of history.