Ræder

Ræder's Syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterized by a constellation of symptoms primarily affecting the head and facial region. It is also known as Paratrigeminal Parasympathetic Syndrome. The syndrome is named after Norwegian neurologist Johan Georg Ræder, who first described the condition in the early 20th century.

Symptoms and Signs

Ræder's Syndrome is marked by a combination of symptoms, including:

• Unilateral headache, often described as severe and throbbing
• Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid)
• Miosis (constriction of the pupil)
• Anhidrosis (absence of sweating) on the affected side of the face
• Occasionally, Facial pain in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve

These symptoms are attributed to the involvement of the parasympathetic fibers located around the trigeminal nerve, leading to a disruption in autonomic functions in the head and face.

Causes

The exact cause of Ræder's Syndrome remains unclear. However, it is believed to be associated with lesions or abnormalities affecting the sympathetic pathways near the trigeminal nerve. These abnormalities may include:

• Tumors, particularly those located at the base of the brain or in the pituitary gland
• Inflammation or infection affecting the cranial nerves
• Traumatic injuries to the head or face
• Vascular anomalies

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Ræder's Syndrome involves a thorough clinical evaluation, including a detailed patient history and physical examination. Diagnostic tests may include:

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to identify any structural abnormalities
• Computed Tomography (CT) Scan for detailed imaging of the cranial region
• Blood tests to rule out inflammatory or infectious conditions

Treatment

Treatment of Ræder's Syndrome is primarily focused on managing symptoms and addressing the underlying cause, if identified. Options may include:

• Pain management with medications such as analgesics or nerve block injections
• Treatment of any identified tumors or lesions through surgery or radiation therapy
• Management of inflammation or infection with appropriate medications

Prognosis

The prognosis for individuals with Ræder's Syndrome varies depending on the underlying cause and the effectiveness of treatment. In cases where a treatable cause is identified and successfully managed, symptoms may improve significantly or resolve completely.

See Also

• Trigeminal nerve
• Autonomic nervous system
• Cluster headache