Race and ethnicity in the United States Census

Race and ethnicity in the United States Census have been collected by the United States Census Bureau since the first census in 1790. The data collected on race and ethnicity provide crucial information that influences government policy, funding allocations, and how congressional districts are drawn.

History

The classification of race and ethnicity in the U.S. Census has evolved significantly over the centuries. Initially, the census only recognized a limited number of categories, primarily focusing on the distinction between "free whites" and "slaves." Over time, categories have expanded to better reflect the diversity of the U.S. population.

Early Censuses (1790–1950)

In the early censuses, the categories were quite basic, including "White," "Black," and "American Indian." By the mid-20th century, categories such as "Chinese," "Japanese," and "Filipino" were added to account for significant immigration waves.

Modern Censuses (1960–Present)

From 1960 onwards, the census began to include more detailed distinctions, such as "Korean," "Vietnamese," and "Asian Indian." The 2000 Census was notable for allowing respondents to select more than one race for the first time, acknowledging the increasing diversity and mixed-race population.

Current Categories

As of the most recent census, the categories for race include:

• White
• Black or African American
• American Indian or Alaska Native
• Asian
• Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander
• Some Other Race
• Two or More Races

Ethnicity, however, is categorized separately, with the primary distinction being between "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino."

Controversies and Changes

The classification and terminology used in the census have often been subjects of controversy. Issues often arise around the accuracy and inclusivity of the racial and ethnic categories, as well as the implications of their use in policy and planning.

In response to public feedback and changing social attitudes, the Census Bureau has periodically revised its categories. For example, there have been discussions about adding a Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) category, which is currently grouped under "White."

Impact

The data on race and ethnicity collected by the census are critical for various aspects of American society. They affect the enforcement of civil rights laws, the allocation of federal funds, and the composition of school districts and other local governmental bodies.

Future Directions

The Census Bureau continues to evaluate its approach to measuring race and ethnicity. This includes ongoing research and testing to understand better how people self-identify, ensuring that the categories reflect the country's current and future demographic landscape.

See Also

• Demographics of the United States
• United States Census Bureau
• Civil Rights Act