Red hair

Red hair is a hair color characterized by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin. Approximately 1-2% of the human population possesses red hair, with the highest prevalence found in Scotland and Ireland. The gene responsible for red hair, MC1R, is a recessive gene, meaning that an individual must inherit two copies of the gene (one from each parent) to express the red hair phenotype.

Genetics

The MC1R gene is located on chromosome 16 and is primarily responsible for determining whether an individual will have red hair. The MC1R protein is involved in the regulation of melanin production; mutations in this gene can shift the balance from eumelanin (which is dark) to pheomelanin (which is red or yellow), resulting in red hair and often fair skin. Individuals with one copy of a variant MC1R gene may not have red hair themselves but are carriers and can pass the gene to their offspring.

Prevalence and Distribution

Red hair is most commonly found in Northern and Western Europe, particularly in Scotland and Ireland, where the prevalence is around 13% and 10% respectively. However, red hair can be found among all ethnic groups and populations around the world.

Cultural Aspects

Throughout history, red hair has been surrounded by myths and stereotypes. In some cultures, redheads have been revered, while in others, they have been mistrusted or persecuted. In modern times, red hair is often seen as a unique and striking feature.

Health Implications

Research has indicated that individuals with red hair may have an increased sensitivity to pain and a higher susceptibility to certain conditions such as skin cancer. This is due to the lower levels of eumelanin in their skin, which provides less protection against UV radiation.

Notable Individuals with Red Hair

Several historical and public figures are known for their red hair, including Queen Elizabeth I, Vincent van Gogh, and contemporary celebrities such as Emma Stone and Ed Sheeran.

See Also

• Hair color
• Melanin
• Genetics of hair color
• Cultural history of red hair