Republic of China (1912–1949)

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Republic of China 中華民國
1912–1949
Status	Unrecognized state
Capital	Nanjing (official, 1927–1937, 1946–1949)
Capital-in-exile	Chongqing (wartime, 1937–1946)
Common languages	Standard Chinese
Government	Provisional government (1912–1913)
President
• 1912	Sun Yat-sen
• 1928–1949	Chiang Kai-shek
Premier
• 1912	Tang Shaoyi
• 1949	Yan Xishan
Historical era	20th century
• Xinhai Revolution	1 January 1912
• Beiyang government	1912–1928
• Northern Expedition	1926–1928
• Nanjing decade	1927–1937
• Second Sino-Japanese War	1937–1945
• Chinese Civil War	1927–1949
• Chinese Civil War	7 December 1949
Currency	Chinese yuan
ISO 3166 code	[[ISO 3166-2:CN |CN ]]
Preceded by Succeeded by Qing dynasty People's Republic of China Republic of China (Taiwan)

The Republic of China (ROC) was a sovereign state in East Asia that existed from 1912 to 1949. It was established following the Xinhai Revolution, which led to the fall of the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China. The Republic of China was the first democratic republic in Asia.

History

Establishment

The Republic of China was founded on January 1, 1912, after the Xinhai Revolution overthrew the Qing dynasty. Sun Yat-sen was the first provisional president. The early years of the Republic were marked by political fragmentation and the dominance of warlords.

Beiyang Government

From 1912 to 1928, the Beiyang government controlled the Republic of China. This period was characterized by internal strife and the lack of a strong central government. Various warlords held power in different regions of the country.

Northern Expedition

In 1926, the Kuomintang (KMT) led by Chiang Kai-shek launched the Northern Expedition to unify China under its control. By 1928, the KMT had established a central government in Nanjing, marking the beginning of the Nanjing decade.

Nanjing Decade

The period from 1927 to 1937 is known as the Nanjing decade. During this time, the KMT government attempted to modernize the country and consolidate its power. However, it faced significant challenges, including internal dissent and external threats.

Second Sino-Japanese War

The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) was a major conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war devastated China and significantly weakened the KMT government. The capital was temporarily moved to Chongqing during the war.

Chinese Civil War

After World War II, the Chinese Civil War resumed between the KMT and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The civil war ended in 1949 with the CPC establishing the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while the KMT retreated to Taiwan.

Government and Politics

The Republic of China was initially a provisional government, but it later adopted a constitution in 1947. The government was based on the principles of Sun Yat-sen, which included nationalism, democracy, and the livelihood of the people.

Economy

The economy of the Republic of China was primarily agrarian, but efforts were made to industrialize the country during the Nanjing decade. The Second Sino-Japanese War severely disrupted economic activities.

Culture

The Republic of China period saw significant cultural changes, including the New Culture Movement and the spread of Western education and ideas. Traditional customs were challenged, and there was a push towards modernization.

Legacy

The Republic of China continues to exist today on the island of Taiwan, where the KMT retreated after losing the civil war. The period from 1912 to 1949 is a significant chapter in Chinese history, marking the transition from imperial rule to a republic.

Related Pages

• Xinhai Revolution
• Sun Yat-sen
• Chiang Kai-shek
• Kuomintang
• Chinese Civil War
• People's Republic of China
• Taiwan