Rift Valley fever phlebovirus

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus is a virus belonging to the genus Phlebovirus in the family Phenuiviridae. It is the causative agent of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease that primarily affects domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats, but can also infect humans.

Virology

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus is an enveloped virus with a negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome. The genome is segmented into three parts: the L segment, M segment, and S segment. The L segment encodes the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the M segment encodes the glycoproteins and non-structural proteins, and the S segment encodes the nucleoprotein and another non-structural protein.

Transmission

The virus is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitoes, particularly those of the Aedes and Culex genera. It can also be transmitted through direct contact with the blood or organs of infected animals, making it a significant occupational hazard for veterinarians, farmers, and slaughterhouse workers.

Epidemiology

Rift Valley fever is endemic to regions of sub-Saharan Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Outbreaks are often associated with periods of heavy rainfall, which lead to an increase in mosquito populations. The disease can cause significant economic losses due to high mortality rates in young animals and abortions in pregnant animals.

Clinical Features

In animals, Rift Valley fever can cause fever, anorexia, and hemorrhagic disease. In humans, the disease can range from a mild flu-like illness to severe hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or retinitis. The incubation period is typically 2-6 days.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Rift Valley fever is based on serological tests such as ELISA and PCR to detect viral RNA. Virus isolation can also be performed in specialized laboratories.

Prevention and Control

Preventive measures include vaccination of livestock, control of mosquito populations, and use of personal protective equipment for individuals at risk. There is currently no licensed vaccine for humans, but several candidates are under development.

Treatment

There is no specific antiviral treatment for Rift Valley fever. Management is primarily supportive, focusing on maintaining hydration, electrolyte balance, and hemodynamic stability.

See Also

• Phlebovirus
• Zoonotic disease
• Hemorrhagic fever

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