Hemorrhagic fever

• Also called viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF's), these are a group of illnesses caused by a viral infection (usually restricted to a specific geographic area);
• Fever and gastrointestinal symptoms are followed by capillary hemorrhage.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever

VHFs are caused by viruses of four distinct families: Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Filoviridae, and Flaviviridae.

Features of VHF fever causing viruses

• Each of these families share a number of features:
• They are all RNA viruses, and are all covered, or enveloped, in a fatty (lipid) coating.
• Their survival is dependent on an animal or insect host, called the natural reservoir.
• The viruses are geographically restricted to the areas where their host species live.
• Humans are not the natural reservoir for any of these viruses.
• Humans are infected when they come into contact with infected hosts. However, with some viruses, after the accidental transmission from the host, humans can transmit the virus to one another.
• Human cases or outbreaks of hemorrhagic fevers caused by these viruses occur sporadically and irregularly. The occurrence of outbreaks cannot be easily predicted.
• With a few noteworthy exceptions, there is no cure or established drug treatment for VHFs.
• In rare cases, other viral and bacterial infections can cause a hemorrhagic fever; scrub typhus is a good example.

Classical swine fever kidneys

Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by Arenavidae

Arenaviruses that cause human diseases
Virus	Disease	Year discovered
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)	Lymphocytic choriomeningitis	1933
Junin virus	Argentine hemorrhagic fever	1958
Machupo virus	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever	1963
Lassa virus	Lassa fever	1969
Guanarito virus	Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever	1989
Sabia	Brazilian hemorrhagic fever	1993
Chapare	Chapare hemorrhagic fever	2004
Lujo	Lujo hemorrhagic fever	2008

Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by Bunyaviridae

• Rift Valley fever
• Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus
• Hantaviruses causing hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)

Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by Filoviridae

• Yellow fever, Dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile viruses, and Zika virus.
• Other Flaviviruses are transmitted by ticks and are responsible of encephalitis and hemorrhagic diseases: Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE), Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) and Alkhurma disease, and Omsk hemorrhagic fever.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by Flaviviridae

• Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus), Sudan virus (species Sudan ebolavirus), Taï Forest virus (species Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus), Bundibugyo virus (species Bundibugyo ebolavirus), Reston virus (species Reston ebolavirus), and Bombali virus (species Bombali ebolavirus).

Hemorrhagic fever Resources
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