Right to life

The right to life is a moral principle based on the belief that a being has the inherent right to live. This right is considered to be the basis for the enjoyment of all other rights and is one of the most fundamental principles underpinning human rights law globally. The concept of the right to life is central to debates on the issues of capital punishment, war, abortion, euthanasia, and self-defense.

Definition and scope

The right to life is enshrined in various international human rights instruments. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) at Article 3 states, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person." Similarly, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) asserts in Article 6(1) that "Every human being has the inherent right to life. This right shall be protected by law. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life."

These declarations imply that the right to life does not merely prohibit arbitrary killing but also requires states to take positive measures to protect life. This includes providing adequate food, shelter, and medical care, as well as safeguarding lives from threats such as criminal violence or disasters.

Legal and ethical debates

The right to life generates significant debate, particularly concerning its application. For instance, issues arise concerning when life begins and ends, impacting the legal status of abortion and euthanasia. In the context of abortion, some argue that the fetus has a right to life from conception, while others advocate for the pregnant individual's right to choose.

Capital punishment is another area of contention. Supporters argue that it deters crime and serves as retribution for severe offenses, while opponents see it as a violation of the right to life, arguing that judicial systems are fallible and the risk of executing the innocent is too high.

In terms of war, the right to life is challenged by the realities of armed conflict. International humanitarian law attempts to protect the right to life by limiting the use of violence to necessary and proportionate actions and by distinguishing between combatants and non-combatants.

Impact on public policy

The right to life has profound implications for public policy. Governments must ensure that their laws and actions, both domestically and internationally, do not arbitrarily deprive individuals of their life. This includes legislating against and investigating unlawful deaths, providing adequate healthcare, and ensuring the safety and security of their populations.

See also

• Right to an adequate standard of living
• Right to health
• Right to security of person
• Human rights in international law

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