Roman gardens

Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei pittori al lavoro di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01

Ricostruzione del giardino della casa dei vetii di pompei (mostra al giardino di boboli, 2007) 01

Fishbourne model 2

Reproduction of plan showing Pliny's villa LCCN2007686356

Getty Villa exterior

Small garden in Casa della Nave Europa (Pompeii)

Roman gardens were an integral part of Roman culture, extending from the city of Rome itself to the farthest reaches of the Roman Empire. These gardens, known as horti in Latin, were not only places for relaxation and leisure but also spaces for social gatherings, religious ceremonies, and displays of wealth and power. Roman gardens were influenced by earlier Greek gardens, but they evolved to include a variety of features such as ornamental plants, sculptures, water features, and elaborate architectural elements.

History and Development

The tradition of Roman gardens began in the early days of the Republic, with influences from Etruscan and Greek landscaping and gardening practices. As Rome expanded, so did the variety and sophistication of its gardens. By the time of the Empire, Roman gardens had become elaborate displays of art and nature, often reflecting the power and cultural achievements of their owners.

Types of Roman Gardens

There were several types of gardens in Roman society, each serving different purposes and reflecting the social status of their owners.

Domus Gardens

These were small gardens located within the private homes of the Roman elite, known as domus. These gardens provided a peaceful retreat from the bustling city and were often decorated with statues, fountains, and exotic plants.

Villa Gardens

The Roman villas, particularly those found in the countryside, boasted more extensive gardens. The Villa of the Mysteries in Pompeii and the Villa Adriana near Tivoli are notable examples. These villa gardens were designed for leisure and entertainment, featuring elaborate water displays, shaded walkways, and areas for dining and relaxation.

Public Gardens

With the expansion of the Roman Empire, public gardens began to appear. These gardens were designed for the enjoyment of the general populace and were often attached to public baths and temples. The first public garden in Rome, the Horti Sallustiani, was created in the 1st century BC.

Design Elements

Roman gardens incorporated a variety of design elements that reflected both the practical and aesthetic sensibilities of Roman culture.

Water Features

Water was a central feature in Roman gardens, symbolizing luxury and the engineering prowess of Rome. Aqueducts supplied water to urban gardens, supporting fountains, cascades, and reflective pools.

Sculptures and Art

Gardens were adorned with sculptures that ranged from depictions of gods and goddesses to busts of the garden owner. Mosaics and frescoes often decorated garden walls, depicting garden scenes or mythological landscapes.

Plants and Trees

The choice of plants in Roman gardens was diverse, including both native species and exotic imports. Fruit trees, vines, flowers, and aromatic herbs were common, serving both decorative and practical purposes.

Cultural Significance

Roman gardens were more than just places of beauty and leisure; they were symbols of power, wealth, and cultural identity. They reflected the Roman appreciation for nature, art, and architecture, and they played a significant role in social and religious life.

Legacy

The influence of Roman gardens extended far beyond the fall of the Roman Empire. They inspired the Renaissance gardens of Italy and France and continue to influence garden design to this day.