Ryukyu Kingdom

Seal of the Ryukyu Kingdom

Qing Seal for King of Ryukyu

Naha Shuri Castle16s5s3200

Ryukyu Tribute Ship Folding Screen Kyoto University Museum

Ryukyu 1832

Traditional clothes of Ryukyu

Ryukyu Kingdom was a sovereign kingdom that existed from the 15th century until its annexation by Japan in 1879. Located in the Ryukyu Islands, a chain of islands stretching southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan, the Ryukyu Kingdom played a significant role in regional trade and diplomacy in East Asia, particularly between China, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries.

History

The Ryukyu Kingdom was established in the 15th century, during a period of consolidation and unification under the leadership of King Sho Hashi. The kingdom prospered through maritime trade, leveraging its advantageous geographical location to act as an intermediary in the trade between Japan, China, Korea, and Southeast Asia. The Ryukyuans were skilled sailors and traders, and their culture was influenced by a mix of Chinese, Japanese, and Southeast Asian elements.

In 1609, the kingdom was invaded by the Satsuma Domain of Japan, which led to the kingdom becoming a vassal state under Satsuma's control while still maintaining a degree of autonomy and continuing its tribute relations with China. This unique dual subordination allowed the Ryukyu Kingdom to continue its trade operations, although under the increasing influence of Japan.

The kingdom's autonomy came to an end in the 19th century when the Meiji Restoration in Japan led to the centralization and modernization of the Japanese state. In 1872, the Ryukyu Kingdom was renamed the Ryukyu Domain, and in 1879, it was formally annexed by Japan, becoming Okinawa Prefecture. This annexation was resisted by many Ryukyuans and was not recognized by the Qing dynasty of China, which led to diplomatic tensions between China and Japan.

Culture

The culture of the Ryukyu Kingdom was a rich blend of influences from China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, reflected in its language, arts, and customs. The Ryukyuan languages, which are still spoken today, form a distinct branch of the Japonic language family. Traditional Ryukyuan music, dance, and theatre, such as the classical court dance known as Ryukyu buyo, have been preserved and are an important part of Okinawa's cultural heritage.

Ryukyuan religion was characterized by a form of animism, with a belief in a myriad of gods and spirits inhabiting the natural world. This belief system coexisted with Buddhism and Confucianism, which were introduced from China and Japan.

Economy

The economy of the Ryukyu Kingdom was heavily based on maritime trade. The Ryukyuans exported local products such as sulfur, tin, and sea products, and served as intermediaries in the trade of Chinese silk, Japanese silver, and Southeast Asian spices. The kingdom's strategic location and skilled diplomacy enabled it to thrive as a trade hub despite its relatively small size and limited resources.

Legacy

The legacy of the Ryukyu Kingdom is evident in the distinct cultural identity of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands, which differs in many ways from that of mainland Japan. Efforts to preserve and revive Ryukyuan languages, arts, and traditions continue to this day. The history of the Ryukyu Kingdom also serves as a reminder of the complex historical relationships between the nations of East Asia.