Sandifer's syndrome

Sandifer's syndrome is a rare pediatric disorder characterized by abnormal movements, but is often misdiagnosed as a seizure disorder. The syndrome is named after the British neurologist, Paul Sandifer, who first described the condition in 1964.

Symptoms

The primary symptoms of Sandifer's syndrome are gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) and specific abnormal body movements. The movements are often described as torticollis (twisting of the neck) and dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions). These movements may be episodic and can last from a few minutes to a few hours. Other symptoms may include vomiting, irritability, sleep disorders, and malnutrition due to difficulties in eating.

Causes

The exact cause of Sandifer's syndrome is unknown, but it is often associated with GERD. It is believed that the abnormal movements are a response to the pain or discomfort caused by the reflux. The syndrome is more common in children with neurological impairment, such as those with cerebral palsy or developmental delay.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of Sandifer's syndrome can be challenging due to its rarity and the nonspecific nature of its symptoms. It is often misdiagnosed as a seizure disorder. The diagnosis is usually made based on the characteristic symptoms and the presence of GERD. Medical imaging techniques such as barium swallow and endoscopy may be used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

The treatment for Sandifer's syndrome primarily involves managing the underlying GERD. This can be achieved through dietary changes, medications, and in severe cases, surgery. The abnormal movements usually resolve once the GERD is effectively treated.

Prognosis

The prognosis for Sandifer's syndrome is generally good. With appropriate treatment, most children with the syndrome experience a significant reduction in symptoms and can lead normal lives.

See also

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease
• Pediatric neurology
• Seizure disorder