Sedatives

Sedatives or tranquilizers are substances that induce sedation by reducing irritability or excitement. They are central nervous system (CNS) depressants and interact with brain activity causing its deceleration. Various kinds of sedatives can be distinguished, but the majority of them affect the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which are brain chemicals performing communication between brain cells. In spite of the different types of sedatives, they all work by depressing the central nervous system.

Types of Sedatives

There are several types of sedatives, including:

• Barbiturates: These are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and can therefore produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants.

• Benzodiazepines: These enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties.

• Nonbenzodiazepines: These are a class of psychoactive drugs that are very benzodiazepine-like in nature. Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct, however, and therefore are classified as separate from benzodiazepines.

• Herbal Sedatives: Some herbs are known to have sedative effects, such as Valerian, Kava, and Cannabis.

Risks and Side Effects

Like all medications, sedatives have risks and side effects that can be serious or even fatal. These can include respiratory depression, dependence, and overdose. It is important to use these medications only as directed by a healthcare provider.

See Also

• Anxiolytic
• Hypnotic
• Psychotropic medication
• Psychoactive drug

References

Sedatives Resources
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