Hypnotic
Hypnotics are a class of drugs primarily used to induce sleep in individuals. They are commonly prescribed for insomnia and related conditions, and can also be used as sedatives or tranquilizers. These substances often act on the central nervous system (CNS), depressing its activity, and thereby facilitating sleep and relaxation. Hypnotics include various subcategories such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and certain antihistamines.
Classification[edit | edit source]
There are several classes of hypnotic drugs, distinguished by their mechanisms of action and their clinical uses:
- Benzodiazepines: Drugs like diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan), and temazepam (Restoril) belong to this group. They increase the effect of the neurotransmitter GABA, which has inhibitory properties.
- Barbiturates: Examples include phenobarbital and pentobarbital. These drugs can depress the central nervous system activity.
- Nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics: These include drugs like zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta).
- Antihistamines: Some like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) are used off-label for their sedative effects.
Pharmacology[edit | edit source]
The action of hypnotic drugs is primarily centered on the central nervous system. Most hypnotics enhance the action of the neurotransmitter GABA, which leads to an overall depressant effect on brain activity.
Medical Uses[edit | edit source]
Hypnotics are primarily prescribed for:
- Insomnia: Difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep.
- Anxiety disorders: They may be used for their calming effect.
- Surgical Procedures: Some hypnotics can be used to induce sedation before minor surgeries.
Side Effects[edit | edit source]
Hypnotic drugs, like other CNS depressants, can cause a range of side effects, including:
- Drowsiness or feeling "drugged"
- Memory disturbances
- Allergic reactions
- Dependency and withdrawal symptoms
- Overdose, which can be fatal especially when combined with other CNS depressants like alcohol.
Dependency and Withdrawal[edit | edit source]
Long-term use of hypnotic medications can lead to physical and psychological dependency. Suddenly stopping the medication can result in withdrawal symptoms such as:
Contraindications[edit | edit source]
Hypnotic medications should be used with caution in:
- Pregnant or breastfeeding women
- Individuals with a history of substance abuse
- Elderly individuals due to increased risk of falls and fractures
- Those with certain medical conditions such as respiratory diseases
Summary[edit | edit source]
Hypnotic drugs play a critical role in managing conditions like insomnia and anxiety. However, their use must be approached with caution due to potential side effects and the risk of dependency. It's essential for patients to consult with healthcare professionals before starting or discontinuing any hypnotic medication.
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Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD
