Proton pump inhibitor

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a group of drugs primarily used to reduce the production of gastric acid in the stomach. By inhibiting the enzyme system of certain cells lining the stomach, they effectively reduce the amount of acid produced, helping to alleviate symptoms and promote healing in various gastroesophageal conditions.

Proton pump inhibitors structure

Medical Uses

PPIs are commonly prescribed for:

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): A condition where stomach acid frequently flows back into the tube connecting the mouth and stomach, causing irritation.
• Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: A rare condition characterized by tumors in the pancreas and duodenum and ulcers in the stomach and duodenum.
• Peptic ulcers: Open sores that develop on the inner lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine.
• Erosive esophagitis: Inflammation in the esophagus caused by acid reflux.
• Stomach protection in those taking NSAIDs: PPIs can protect the stomach lining from the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which can cause ulcers.

Mechanism of Action

PPIs work by irreversibly blocking the action of the proton pumps in the parietal cells of the stomach lining. These pumps are responsible for the secretion of hydrochloric acid. With these pumps inhibited, there is a marked reduction in stomach acidity, providing relief from acid-related disorders.

Common Types of PPIs

There are several types of PPIs available, some of which include:

• Omeprazole (Prilosec)
• Esomeprazole (Nexium)
• Lansoprazole (Prevacid)
• Pantoprazole (Protonix)
• Rabeprazole (Aciphex)

Side Effects

Though generally well-tolerated, PPIs can have side effects:

• Nausea or vomiting
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Gas
• Headache
• Stomach pain
• Dizziness

Long-term use can lead to:

• Vitamin B12 deficiency
• Stomach cancer
• Kidney disease
• Bone fractures

Precautions

Long-term use of PPIs should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional due to potential risks. It's crucial to use the lowest effective dose and regularly review the need for continued therapy.

Interactions

PPIs can interact with other medications, such as:

• Clopidogrel (Plavix)
• Diazepam
• Phenytoin
• Certain antifungal drugs
• Antiretrovirals

See Also

• H2 receptor antagonist
• Antacid
• Gastric acid

References

Proton pump inhibitor Resources
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